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6行目: 6行目:
| TMRCA = 20,000年前～25,000年前<ref name = shi/><br>21,900年（95% CI 19,700年～24,200年）前<ref name = "YFull" />
| TMRCA = 20,000年前～25,000年前<ref name = shi/><br>21,900年（95% CI 19,700年～24,200年）前<ref name = "YFull" />
| ancestor = [[ハプログループNO (Y染色体)|NO]]
| ancestor = [[ハプログループNO (Y染色体)|NO]]
| descendants =
| descendants =
| mutations = M231
| mutations = M231
| members = [[北アジア]]、[[ヨーロッパ]]北東部。[[ウラル系民族]]、[[ユカギール人]]、[[ヤクート人]]に高頻度。
| members = [[北アジア]]、[[ヨーロッパ]]北東部。[[ウラル系民族]]、[[ユカギール人]]、[[ヤクート人]]に高頻度。
15行目: 15行目:
==起源・分布==
==起源・分布==
[[File:Haplogroup N & O (Y-DNA) migration.png|thumb|300px|right|ハプログループNの移動経路（青色）]]
[[File:Haplogroup N & O (Y-DNA) migration.png|thumb|300px|right|ハプログループNの移動経路（青色）]]
Y染色体のハプログループNは、現存のY染色体ハプログループの中で最も近縁のハプログループである[[ハプログループO (Y染色体)|ハプログループO]]とはKarmin ''et al.'' (2015)によれば41,900年（95% CI 40,175年～43,591年）前<ref name = "Karmin2015">Monika Karmin, Lauri Saag, Mário Vicente, ''et al.'', "A recent bottleneck of Y chromosome diversity coincides with a global change in culture." ''Genome Research'' 2015 Apr;25(4):459-66. doi: 10.1101/gr.186684.114. Epub 2015 Mar 13.</ref>、Poznik ''et al.'' (2016)によれば44,700年あるいは38,300年前<ref name = "Poznik2016">G. David Poznik, Yali Xue, Fernando L. Mendez, ''et al.'', "Punctuated bursts in human male demography inferred from 1,244 worldwide Y-chromosome sequences." ''Nature Genetics'' 2016 June ; 48(6): 593–599. doi:10.1038/ng.3559.</ref>、YFull (2017)によれば36,800年 (95% CI 34,300年～39,300年)前<ref name = "YFull">[http://www.yfull.com/tree/N/ YFull Haplogroup YTree v5.08] at 14 November 2017</ref>に分岐をしたと推定されている。ハプログループNに属す現存のY染色体は20,000年前～25,000年前<ref name = shi>Shi H, Qi X, Zhong H, Peng Y, Zhang X, et al. (2013) Genetic Evidence of an East Asian Origin and Paleolithic Northward Migration of Y-chromosome Haplogroup N. PLoS ONE 8(6): e66102. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0066102</ref>に[[東アジア]]において分岐をし始めたと推定されており、ユーラシア北部、さらにはシベリアを横断して北欧まで分布を広げた<ref>Roosti et al.(2004)Phylogeography of Y-chromosome haplogroup I reveals distinct domains of prehistric gene flow n Europe. Am.J.Hum.Genet.75:128-137</ref>。観察頻度は[[ネネツ人]]に97%、 [[ガナサン人]]に92%、[[ヤクート人]]に88％<ref>Tambets, Kristiina et al. 2004, The Western and Eastern Roots of the Saami—the Story of Genetic “Outliers” Told by Mitochondrial DNA and Y Chromosomes</ref>、 [[フィン人]]に63%<ref>Rosser ZH, Zerjal T, Hurles ME, Adojaan M, Alavantic D, Amorim A, Amos W, Armenteros M, Arroyo E, Barbujani G, Beckman G, Beckman L, Bertranpetit J, Bosch E, Bradley DG, Brede G, Cooper G, Côrte-Real H. B., De Knijff P, Decorte R, Dubrova YE, Evgrafov O, Gilissen A, Glisic S, Gölge M, Hill EW, Jeziorowska A, Kalaydjieva L, Kayser M et al. (2000). "Y-Chromosomal Diversity in Europe is Clinal and Influenced Primarily by Geography, Rather than by Language". The American Journal of Human Genetics 67 (6): 1526–1543. doi:10.1086/316890. PMC 1287948. PMID 11078479. Vancouver style error (help)</ref>、[[チュクチ人]]に58%<ref name=Lell>Lell, Jeffrey T. et al. 2001-2002, The Dual Origin and Siberian Affinities of Native American Y Chromosomes</ref> [[サーミ人]]に47%<ref>Tambets K, Rootsi S, Kivisild T, Help H, Serk P, Loogväli EL et al. (2004). "The western and eastern roots of the Saami--the story of genetic "outliers" told by mitochondrial DNA and Y chromosomes". Am. J. Hum. Genet. 74 (4): 661–82. doi:10.1086/383203. PMC 1181943. PMID 15024688. Vancouver style error (help)</ref>、[[エストニア人]]に41%<ref>Rosser ZH, Zerjal T, Hurles ME, Adojaan M, Alavantic D, Amorim A, Amos W, Armenteros M, Arroyo E, Barbujani G, Beckman G, Beckman L, Bertranpetit J, Bosch E, Bradley DG, Brede G, Cooper G, Côrte-Real H. B., De Knijff P, Decorte R, Dubrova YE, Evgrafov O, Gilissen A, Glisic S, Gölge M, Hill EW, Jeziorowska A, Kalaydjieva L, Kayser M et al. (2000). "Y-Chromosomal Diversity in Europe is Clinal and Influenced Primarily by Geography, Rather than by Language". The American Journal of Human Genetics 67 (6): 1526–1543. doi:10.1086/316890. PMC 1287948. PMID 11078479. Vancouver style error (help)</ref>、[[ユカギール人]]に31%<ref>Duggan AT, Whitten M, Wiebe V, Crawford M, Butthof A, et al. (2013) Investigating the Prehistory of Tungusic Peoples of Siberia and the Amur-Ussuri Region with Complete mtDNA Genome Sequences and Y-chromosomal Markers PLoS ONE 8(12): e83570. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0083570</ref>、[[ロシア人]]に20%<ref>Malyarchuk, Boris; Derenko, Miroslava; Grzybowski, Tomasz; Lunkina, Arina; Czarny, Jakub; Rychkov, Serge; Morozova, Irina; Denisova, Galina; Miscicka-Sliwka, Danuta (2004). "Differentiation of Mitochondrial DNA and Y Chromosomes in Russian Populations". Human Biology 76 (6): 877–900. doi:10.1353/hub.2005.0021. PMID 15974299.</ref>などである。[[ウラル語族]]との関連が想定される。[[フィン・ウゴル語|フィン・ウゴル系]]にN1a1、[[サモエード人|サモエード系]]にN1a2が多い。<br />
Y染色体のハプログループNは、現存のY染色体ハプログループの中で最も近縁のハプログループである[[ハプログループO (Y染色体)|ハプログループO]]とはKarmin ''et al.'' (2015)によれば41,900年（95% CI 40,175年～43,591年）前<ref name = "Karmin2015">Monika Karmin, Lauri Saag, Mário Vicente, ''et al.'', "A recent bottleneck of Y chromosome diversity coincides with a global change in culture." ''Genome Research'' 2015 Apr;25(4):459-66. {{doi|10.1101/gr.186684.114}}. Epub 2015 Mar 13.</ref>、Poznik ''et al.'' (2016)によれば44,700年あるいは38,300年前<ref name = "Poznik2016">G. David Poznik, Yali Xue, Fernando L. Mendez, ''et al.'', "Punctuated bursts in human male demography inferred from 1,244 worldwide Y-chromosome sequences." ''Nature Genetics'' 2016 June ; 48(6): 593–599. {{doi|10.1038/ng.3559}}.</ref>、YFull (2017)によれば36,800年 (95% CI 34,300年～39,300年)前<ref name = "YFull">[http://www.yfull.com/tree/N/ YFull Haplogroup YTree v5.08] at 14 November 2017</ref>に分岐をしたと推定されている。ハプログループNに属す現存のY染色体は20,000年前～25,000年前<ref name = shi>Shi H, Qi X, Zhong H, Peng Y, Zhang X, et al. (2013) Genetic Evidence of an East Asian Origin and Paleolithic Northward Migration of Y-chromosome Haplogroup N. PLoS ONE 8(6): e66102. {{doi|10.1371/journal.pone.0066102}}</ref>に[[東アジア]]において分岐をし始めたと推定されており、ユーラシア北部、さらにはシベリアを横断して北欧まで分布を広げた<ref>Roosti et al.(2004)Phylogeography of Y-chromosome haplogroup I reveals distinct domains of prehistric gene flow n Europe. Am.J.Hum.Genet.75:128-137</ref>。観察頻度は[[ネネツ人]]に97%、 [[ガナサン人]]に92%、[[ヤクート人]]に88％<ref>Tambets, Kristiina et al. 2004, The Western and Eastern Roots of the Saami—the Story of Genetic “Outliers” Told by Mitochondrial DNA and Y Chromosomes</ref>、 [[フィン人]]に63%<ref>Rosser ZH, Zerjal T, Hurles ME, Adojaan M, Alavantic D, Amorim A, Amos W, Armenteros M, Arroyo E, Barbujani G, Beckman G, Beckman L, Bertranpetit J, Bosch E, Bradley DG, Brede G, Cooper G, Côrte-Real H. B., De Knijff P, Decorte R, Dubrova YE, Evgrafov O, Gilissen A, Glisic S, Gölge M, Hill EW, Jeziorowska A, Kalaydjieva L, Kayser M et al. (2000). "Y-Chromosomal Diversity in Europe is Clinal and Influenced Primarily by Geography, Rather than by Language". The American Journal of Human Genetics 67 (6): 1526–1543. {{doi|10.1086/316890}}. {{PMC|1287948}}. PMID 11078479. Vancouver style error (help)</ref>、[[チュクチ人]]に58%<ref name=Lell>Lell, Jeffrey T. et al. 2001-2002, The Dual Origin and Siberian Affinities of Native American Y Chromosomes</ref> [[サーミ人]]に47%<ref>Tambets K, Rootsi S, Kivisild T, Help H, Serk P, Loogväli EL et al. (2004). "The western and eastern roots of the Saami--the story of genetic "outliers" told by mitochondrial DNA and Y chromosomes". Am. J. Hum. Genet. 74 (4): 661–82. {{doi|10.1086/383203}}. {{PMC|1181943}}. PMID 15024688. Vancouver style error (help)</ref>、[[エストニア人]]に41%<ref>Rosser ZH, Zerjal T, Hurles ME, Adojaan M, Alavantic D, Amorim A, Amos W, Armenteros M, Arroyo E, Barbujani G, Beckman G, Beckman L, Bertranpetit J, Bosch E, Bradley DG, Brede G, Cooper G, Côrte-Real H. B., De Knijff P, Decorte R, Dubrova YE, Evgrafov O, Gilissen A, Glisic S, Gölge M, Hill EW, Jeziorowska A, Kalaydjieva L, Kayser M et al. (2000). "Y-Chromosomal Diversity in Europe is Clinal and Influenced Primarily by Geography, Rather than by Language". The American Journal of Human Genetics 67 (6): 1526–1543. {{doi|10.1086/316890}}. {{PMC|1287948}}. PMID 11078479. Vancouver style error (help)</ref>、[[ユカギール人]]に31%<ref>Duggan AT, Whitten M, Wiebe V, Crawford M, Butthof A, et al. (2013) Investigating the Prehistory of Tungusic Peoples of Siberia and the Amur-Ussuri Region with Complete mtDNA Genome Sequences and Y-chromosomal Markers PLoS ONE 8(12): e83570. {{doi|10.1371/journal.pone.0083570}}</ref>、[[ロシア人]]に20%<ref>Malyarchuk, Boris; Derenko, Miroslava; Grzybowski, Tomasz; Lunkina, Arina; Czarny, Jakub; Rychkov, Serge; Morozova, Irina; Denisova, Galina; Miscicka-Sliwka, Danuta (2004). "Differentiation of Mitochondrial DNA and Y Chromosomes in Russian Populations". Human Biology 76 (6): 877–900. {{doi|10.1353/hub.2005.0021}}. PMID 15974299.</ref>などである。[[ウラル語族]]との関連が想定される。[[フィン・ウゴル語|フィン・ウゴル系]]にN1a1、[[サモエード人|サモエード系]]にN1a2が多い。<br />


[[遼河文明]]の遺跡人骨からもN1が60%以上の高頻度で見つかっており<ref name = Yinqui> Yinqiu Cui, Hongjie Li, Chao Ning, Ye Zhang, Lu Chen, Xin Zhao, Erika Hagelberg and Hui Zhou (2013）[http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2148/13/216"Y Chromosome analysis of prehistoric human populations in the West Liao River Valley, Northeast China.] " BMC 13:216
[[遼河文明]]の遺跡人骨からもN1が60%以上の高頻度で見つかっており<ref name = Yinqui> Yinqiu Cui, Hongjie Li, Chao Ning, Ye Zhang, Lu Chen, Xin Zhao, Erika Hagelberg and Hui Zhou (2013）[http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2148/13/216"Y Chromosome analysis of prehistoric human populations in the West Liao River Valley, Northeast China.] " BMC 13:216
</ref><ref name = Ye>Ye Zhang, Jiawei Li, Yongbin Zhao, Xiyan Wu, Hongjie Li, Lu Yao, Hong Zhuand Hui Zhou;
</ref><ref name = Ye>Ye Zhang, Jiawei Li, Yongbin Zhao, Xiyan Wu, Hongjie Li, Lu Yao, Hong Zhuand Hui Zhou;
Genetic diversity of two Neolithic populations provides evidence of farming expansions in North China;
Genetic diversity of two Neolithic populations provides evidence of farming expansions in North China;
Journal of Human Genetics 62, 199-204 (February 2017) | doi:10.1038/jhg.2016.107
Journal of Human Genetics 62, 199-204 (February 2017) | {{doi|10.1038/jhg.2016.107}}
</ref>、かつては[[東アジア]]北部においても支配的であったと想定されるが、現在においては概ね10%程度の低頻度となっている。
</ref>、かつては[[東アジア]]北部においても支配的であったと想定されるが、現在においては概ね10%程度の低頻度となっている。


==日本と遼河文明==
==日本と遼河文明==
[[File:Migration related to haplogroup N & O (Y-DNA) in East Asia.png|thumb|300px|right|ハプログループN、Oに関連する東アジアの民族移動]]
[[File:Migration related to haplogroup N & O (Y-DNA) in East Asia.png|thumb|300px|right|ハプログループN、Oに関連する東アジアの民族移動]]
ハプログループNは[[日本人]]全体では平均して2%ほど<ref name = "Xue2006">Yali Xue, Tatiana Zerjal, Weidong Bao, Suling Zhu, Qunfang Shu, Jiujin Xu, Ruofu Du, Songbin Fu, Pu Li, Matthew E. Hurles, Huanming Yang, and Chris Tyler-Smith, "Male Demography in East Asia: A North–South Contrast in Human Population Expansion Times." ''Genetics'' 172: 2431–2439 (April 2006). DOI: 10.1534/genetics.105.054270</ref><ref name = "Sato2014">YOUICHI SATO, TOSHIKATSU SHINKA, ASHRAF A. EWIS, AIKO YAMAUCHI, TERUAKI IWAMOTO, YUTAKA NAKAHORI [https://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/ase/122/3/122_140709/_article Overview of genetic variation in the Y chromosome of modern Japanese males.]</ref><ref>I. Nonaka, K. Minaguchi, and N. Takezaki, "Y-chromosomal Binary Haplogroups in the Japanese Population and their Relationship to 16 Y-STR Polymorphisms," Annals of Human Genetics (2007) 71,480–495. doi: 10.1111/j.1469-1809.2006.00343.x</ref><ref>Jin, Han-Jun; Tyler-Smith, Chris; Kim, Wook (2009). Batzer, Mark A, ed. "The Peopling of Korea Revealed by Analyses of Mitochondrial DNA and Y-Chromosomal Markers". PLoS ONE 4 (1): e4210. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0004210. PMC 2615218. PMID 19148289</ref>と低頻度であるが、青森県ではN1(xN-M128,N-P43,N-M46/N-Tat)が7.7%(26人中2人)観察された例がある<ref>Hammer, Michael F.; Karafet, Tatiana M.; Park, Hwayong; Omoto, Keiichi; Harihara, Shinji; Stoneking, Mark; Horai, Satoshi (2006). "Dual origins of the Japanese: Common ground for hunter-gatherer and farmer Y chromosomes". Journal of Human Genetics 51 (1): 47–58. doi:10.1007/s10038-005-0322-0. PMID 16328082.</ref>。[[遼河文明]]の遺跡人骨からもN1（N1(xN-M128,N-M46/N-Tat)を高頻度に含む）が60%以上の高頻度で見つかっており<ref name = Yinqui/> <ref name = Ye/>、かつ[[三内丸山遺跡]]と遼河文明の関連性が指摘されている<ref name = 安田>[http://www.nihonkaigaku.org/library/lecture/i9906-ts.html　特別講座 「環日本海環境考古学」1999年度 日本海学講座　1999年11月27日　安田 喜憲（国際日本文化センター教授）]</ref><ref name = 王>[http://www.ipc.tohoku-gakuin.ac.jp/~orc/sympo/20040201-r-2.htm 中国北方新石器文化研究の新展開【詳細報告】「東北アジアにおける先史文化の交流」 王 巍（中国社会科学院考古研究所・副所長）]</ref>ことから、遼河人の一部は[[日本列島]]にまで進出していた可能性も考えられる。
ハプログループNは[[日本人]]全体では平均して2%ほど<ref name = "Xue2006">Yali Xue, Tatiana Zerjal, Weidong Bao, Suling Zhu, Qunfang Shu, Jiujin Xu, Ruofu Du, Songbin Fu, Pu Li, Matthew E. Hurles, Huanming Yang, and Chris Tyler-Smith, "Male Demography in East Asia: A North–South Contrast in Human Population Expansion Times." ''Genetics'' 172: 2431–2439 (April 2006). {{doi|10.1534/genetics.105.054270}}</ref><ref name = "Sato2014">YOUICHI SATO, TOSHIKATSU SHINKA, ASHRAF A. EWIS, AIKO YAMAUCHI, TERUAKI IWAMOTO, YUTAKA NAKAHORI [https://doi.org/10.1537/ase.140709 Overview of genetic variation in the Y chromosome of modern Japanese males.]</ref><ref>I. Nonaka, K. Minaguchi, and N. Takezaki, "Y-chromosomal Binary Haplogroups in the Japanese Population and their Relationship to 16 Y-STR Polymorphisms," Annals of Human Genetics (2007) 71,480–495. {{doi|10.1111/j.1469-1809.2006.00343.x}}</ref><ref>Jin, Han-Jun; Tyler-Smith, Chris; Kim, Wook (2009). Batzer, Mark A, ed. "The Peopling of Korea Revealed by Analyses of Mitochondrial DNA and Y-Chromosomal Markers". PLoS ONE 4 (1): e4210. {{doi|10.1371/journal.pone.0004210}}. PMC 2615218. PMID 19148289</ref>と低頻度であるが、青森県ではN1(xN-M128,N-P43,N-M46/N-Tat)が7.7%(26人中2人)観察された例がある<ref>Hammer, Michael F.; Karafet, Tatiana M.; Park, Hwayong; Omoto, Keiichi; Harihara, Shinji; Stoneking, Mark; Horai, Satoshi (2006). "Dual origins of the Japanese: Common ground for hunter-gatherer and farmer Y chromosomes". Journal of Human Genetics 51 (1): 47–58. {{doi|10.1007/s10038-005-0322-0}}. PMID 16328082.</ref>。[[遼河文明]]の遺跡人骨からもN1（N1(xN-M128,N-M46/N-Tat)を高頻度に含む）が60%以上の高頻度で見つかっており<ref name = Yinqui/> <ref name = Ye/>、かつ[[三内丸山遺跡]]と遼河文明の関連性が指摘されている<ref name = 安田>[http://www.nihonkaigaku.org/library/lecture/i9906-ts.html 特別講座 「環日本海環境考古学」1999年度 日本海学講座 1999年11月27日 安田 喜憲（国際日本文化センター教授）]</ref><ref name = 王>[http://www.ipc.tohoku-gakuin.ac.jp/~orc/sympo/20040201-r-2.htm 中国北方新石器文化研究の新展開【詳細報告】「東北アジアにおける先史文化の交流」 王 巍（中国社会科学院考古研究所・副所長）]</ref>ことから、遼河人の一部は[[日本列島]]にまで進出していた可能性も考えられる。


==下位系統==
==下位系統==
32行目: 32行目:
'''太字'''は想定される関連諸語
'''太字'''は想定される関連諸語


N M231/Page91, M232/M2188
N M231/Page91, M232/M2188
*N1-Z4762/CTS11499/L735/M2291
*N1-Z4762/CTS11499/L735/M2291
**N1a-L729
**N1a-L729
40行目: 40行目:
******N1a1a1a-L708/Z1951
******N1a1a1a-L708/Z1951
*******N1a1a1a1-P298
*******N1a1a1a1-P298
********N1a1a1a1b-M2118 - （どの下位系統に属すかは不明）[[ヤクート]]、[[エヴェンキ]]、[[エヴェン]]、[[ドルガン]]、[[ユグラ]]、シベリアタタール、ショル人、トゥバ人、モンゴル人、ノガイ人、カラカルパク人、カザフ人、ウズベク人、ウクライナ、[[ブータン]]<ref name = "Ilumae2016" /><ref name = "Hallast2014">Pille Hallast, Chiara Batini, Daniel Zadik, ''et al.'' (2014), "The Y-Chromosome Tree Bursts into Leaf: 13,000 High-Confidence SNPs Covering the Majority of Known Clades." ''Molecular Biology and Evolution'' Advance Access publication December 2, 2014. doi:10.1093/molbev/msu327</ref>
********N1a1a1a1b-M2118 - （どの下位系統に属すかは不明）[[ヤクート]]、[[エヴェンキ]]、[[エヴェン]]、[[ドルガン]]、[[ユグラ]]、シベリアタタール、ショル人、トゥバ人、モンゴル人、ノガイ人、カラカルパク人、カザフ人、ウズベク人、ウクライナ、[[ブータン]]<ref name = "Ilumae2016" /><ref name = "Hallast2014">Pille Hallast, Chiara Batini, Daniel Zadik, ''et al.'' (2014), "The Y-Chromosome Tree Bursts into Leaf: 13,000 High-Confidence SNPs Covering the Majority of Known Clades." ''Molecular Biology and Evolution'' Advance Access publication December 2, 2014. {{doi|10.1093/molbev/msu327}}</ref>
*********N1a1a1a1b-M2118* - [[エストニア]]
*********N1a1a1a1b-M2118* - [[エストニア]]
*********N1a1a1a1b1-M1982 - [[ヤクート]]、[[エヴェン]]
*********N1a1a1a1b1-M1982 - [[ヤクート]]、[[エヴェン]]
88行目: 88行目:
-->
-->
***********N1a1a1a1a2a1c-PH3340/Y13850
***********N1a1a1a1a2a1c-PH3340/Y13850
************N1a1a1a1a2a1c1-L1034 - マンシ人、カザフスタン、[[バシコルトスタン]]、[[タタールスタン]]、ハンガリー、ギリシャ　'''[[ウゴル諸語]]'''
************N1a1a1a1a2a1c1-L1034 - マンシ人、カザフスタン、[[バシコルトスタン]]、[[タタールスタン]]、ハンガリー、ギリシャ '''[[ウゴル諸語]]'''
*************N-Y28538 - [[ハンティ・マンシ自治管区・ユグラ]]、[[東カザフスタン州]]
*************N-Y28538 - [[ハンティ・マンシ自治管区・ユグラ]]、[[東カザフスタン州]]
*************N-L1442 - [[バシコルトスタン共和国]]、[[タタールスタン共和国]]
*************N-L1442 - [[バシコルトスタン共和国]]、[[タタールスタン共和国]]
************N1a1a1a1a2a1c2-Y24361 - [[タタールスタン]]、[[チェチェン共和国]]、[[ハンガリー]]
************N1a1a1a1a2a1c2-Y24361 - [[タタールスタン]]、[[チェチェン共和国]]、[[ハンガリー]]
*********N1a1a1a1a3-B197/Y16323
*********N1a1a1a1a3-B197/Y16323
**********N1a1a1a1a3a-F4205 モンゴル、[[ブリヤート共和国]]、[[カザフスタン]]、[[トルコ]]、[[ポーランド]]（恐らく[[ウズベキスタン]]や[[アフガニスタン]]にも分布）
**********N1a1a1a1a3a-F4205 モンゴル、[[ブリヤート共和国]]、[[カザフスタン]]、[[トルコ]]、[[ポーランド]]（恐らく[[ウズベキスタン]]や[[アフガニスタン]]にも分布）
**********N1a1a1a1a3b-B202　[[コリヤーク]]、[[シベリア]][[エスキモー]]、[[チュクチ人]]（、おそらく[[ユカギール人]]も）　'''[[ユカギール諸語]]'''
**********N1a1a1a1a3b-B202 [[コリヤーク]]、[[シベリア]][[エスキモー]]、[[チュクチ人]]（、おそらく[[ユカギール人]]も） '''[[ユカギール諸語]]'''
*******N1a1a1a2-B211 - ヴォルガ・ウラル地域（[[マリ人]]、[[ウドムルト人]]、[[バシコルトスタン共和国]]、[[コミ共和国]]、[[モルドヴィア共和国]]、[[ペンザ州]]）
*******N1a1a1a2-B211 - ヴォルガ・ウラル地域（[[マリ人]]、[[ウドムルト人]]、[[バシコルトスタン共和国]]、[[コミ共和国]]、[[モルドヴィア共和国]]、[[ペンザ州]]）
********N1a1a1a2a-BY10355
********N1a1a1a2a-BY10355
111行目: 111行目:
******N1a1a3a-Y9641.2/Z8835.2 日本<ref name = "YFull" /><ref name = "Ilumae2016">Anne-Mai Ilumäe, Maere Reidla, Marina Chukhryaeva, ''et al.'', "Human Y Chromosome Haplogroup N: A Non-trivial Time-Resolved Phylogeography that Cuts across Language Families." ''The American Journal of Human Genetics'' 99, 163–173, July 7, 2016.</ref>
******N1a1a3a-Y9641.2/Z8835.2 日本<ref name = "YFull" /><ref name = "Ilumae2016">Anne-Mai Ilumäe, Maere Reidla, Marina Chukhryaeva, ''et al.'', "Human Y Chromosome Haplogroup N: A Non-trivial Time-Resolved Phylogeography that Cuts across Language Families." ''The American Journal of Human Genetics'' 99, 163–173, July 7, 2016.</ref>
***N1a2-F1008/L666
***N1a2-F1008/L666
****N1a2a-M128　　[[エヴェンキ]]、[[満州族]]、[[シボ族]]、[[漢民族]]、[[回族]]、[[チベット人]]、[[プイ族]]、[[ベトナム]]、[[朝鮮民族|朝鮮]]、[[日本人|日本]]<ref>Peter A. Underhill, Peidong Shen, Alice A. Lin et al., "Y chromosome sequence variation and the history of human populations," Nature Genetics • Volume 26 • November 2000</ref>、[[カザフ]]、[[ウズベク]]、[[ハカス]]、[[コミ人]]など
****N1a2a-M128 [[エヴェンキ]]、[[満州族]]、[[シボ族]]、[[漢民族]]、[[回族]]、[[チベット人]]、[[プイ族]]、[[ベトナム]]、[[朝鮮民族|朝鮮]]、[[日本人|日本]]<ref>Peter A. Underhill, Peidong Shen, Alice A. Lin et al., "Y chromosome sequence variation and the history of human populations," Nature Genetics • Volume 26 • November 2000</ref>、[[カザフ]]、[[ウズベク]]、[[ハカス]]、[[コミ人]]など
*****N1a2a1-F710 [[日本人|日本]]([[福井県]])<ref>[https://www.familytreedna.com/public/japan/default.aspx?section=ysnp JAPAN DNA Project](Kit:N132249) SNP-F710+</ref>
*****N1a2a1-F710 [[日本人|日本]]([[福井県]])<ref>[https://www.familytreedna.com/public/japan/default.aspx?section=ysnp JAPAN DNA Project](Kit:N132249) SNP-F710+</ref>
*****N1a2a2-CTS1350 日本([[広島県]])<ref>[https://www.familytreedna.com/public/japan/default.aspx?section=yresults JAPAN DNA Project](Kit:N107608) SNP-CTS1350+</ref>
*****N1a2a2-CTS1350 日本([[広島県]])<ref>[https://www.familytreedna.com/public/japan/default.aspx?section=yresults JAPAN DNA Project](Kit:N107608) SNP-CTS1350+</ref>
144行目: 144行目:


==各民族における頻度==
==各民族における頻度==
[[ガナサン人]] 92%, [[ヤクート]] 75-84% {{harv|Xu|2015}}, [[ネネツ人]] 75%, [[フィン人]] 51-61% {{harv|Purps|2014}}, [[トゥバ人]] 27.2-54.5% {{harv|Kharkov|2013}}, [[エストニア人]] 40% {{harv|Purps|2014}}, [[サーミ人]] 40%, [[ブリヤート人]] 34.5% (20.2%,<ref name = "Derenko2006">Miroslava Derenko, Boris Malyarchuk, Galina A. Denisova, ''et al.'', "Contrasting patterns of Y-chromosome variation in South Siberian populations from Baikal and Altai-Sayan regions." ''Hum Genet'' (2006) 118: 591–604. DOI 10.1007/s00439-005-0076-y</ref> 25.0%,<ref name = "Kim2011" /> 30.9%,<ref name = "Hammer2006" /> 48.0%<ref name = "Kharkov2014">V. N. Kharkov, K. V. Khamina, O. F. Medvedeva, K. V. Simonova, E. R. Eremina, and V. A. Stepanov, "Gene Pool of Buryats: Clinal Variability and Territorial Subdivision Based on Data of Y-Chromosome Markers." ISSN 1022-7954, ''Russian Journal of Genetics'', 2014, Vol. 50, No. 2, pp. 180–190. DOI: 10.1134/S1022795413110082</ref>), [[ラトビア人]] 30% {{harv|Purps|2014}}, [[リトアニア人]] 25% {{harv|Purps|2014}}, [[ナナイ族]] 17.8% {{harv|Xue|2006}}, [[スウェーデン人]] 9-22% {{harv|Purps|2014}}, [[シベ人]] 17.1%<ref name = "Xue2006">Yali Xue, Tatiana Zerjal, Weidong Bao, Suling Zhu, Qunfang Shu, Jiujin Xu, Ruofu Du, Songbin Fu, Pu Li, Matthew E. Hurles, Huanming Yang, and Chris Tyler-Smith, "Male Demography in East Asia: A North–South Contrast in Human Population Expansion Times." ''Genetics'' 172: 2431–2439 (April 2006). DOI: 10.1534/genetics.105.054270</ref>-18.0%<ref name = "Zhong2011" />, [[モンゴル人]] 11%,<ref name = "Katoh2005">Toru Katoh, Batmunkh Munkhbat, Kenichi Tounai, ''et al.'', "Genetic features of Mongolian ethnic groups revealed by Y-chromosomal analysis." ''Gene'' 346 (2005) 63–70. doi:10.1016/j.gene.2004.10.023</ref><ref name = "Hammer2006" /><ref name = "Xue2006" /><ref name = "Kim2011" /><ref name = "DiCristofaro2013">Di Cristofaro J, Pennarun E, Mazières S, Myres NM, Lin AA, ''et al.'' (2013), "Afghan Hindu Kush: Where Eurasian Sub-Continent Gene Flows Converge." ''PLoS ONE'' 8(10): e76748. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0076748</ref><ref name = "Balinova2019" /> [[カルムイク人]] 10.4%,<ref name = "Malyarchuk2013">Boris Malyarchuk, Miroslava Derenko, Galina Denisova, Sanj Khoyt, Marcin Woźniak, Tomasz Grzybowski, and Ilya Zakharov, "Y-chromosome diversity in the Kalmyks at the ethnical and tribal levels." ''Journal of Human Genetics'' (2013) 58, 804–811; doi:10.1038/jhg.2013.108; published online 17 October 2013.</ref><ref name = "Balinova2019">Natalia Balinova, Helen Post, Siiri Rootsi, ''et al.'' (2019), "Y-chromosomal analysis of clan structure of Kalmyks, the only European Mongol people, and their relationship to Oirat-Mongols of Inner Asia." ''European Journal of Human Genetics'' https://doi.org/10.1038/s41431-019-0399-0</ref> [[満州人]] 10% (5.8%,<ref name = "Hammer2006">Michael F. Hammer, Tatiana M. Karafet, Hwayong Park, Keiichi Omoto, Shinji Harihara, Mark Stoneking, and Satoshi Horai, "Dual origins of the Japanese: common ground for hunter-gatherer and farmer Y chromosomes." ''J Hum Genet'' (2006) 51:47–58. DOI 10.1007/s10038-005-0322-0</ref> 9.1%,<ref name = "Zhong2011" /> 11.6%,<ref name = "Zhong2011" /> 12.5%,<ref name = "Zhong2011" /> 14.3%<ref name = "Xue2006" />), [[漢民族]] 6.77% (0% to 21.4%)<ref name = "Zhong2011">Hua Zhong, Hong Shi, Xue-Bin Qi, Zi-Yuan Duan, Ping-Ping Tan, Li Jin, Bing Su, and Runlin Z. Ma (2011), "Extended Y Chromosome Investigation Suggests Postglacial Migrations of Modern Humans into East Asia via the Northern Route." ''Mol. Biol. Evol.'' 28(1):717–727. doi:10.1093/molbev/msq247</ref>, [[ウルチ族]] 5.8%,<ref name = "Balanovska2018">E. V. Balanovska, Y. V. Bogunov, E. N. Kamenshikova, ''et al.'' (2018), "Demographic and Genetic Portraits of the Ulchi Population." ''Russian Journal of Genetics'', 2018, Vol. 54, No. 10, pp. 1245–1253. ISSN 1022-7954.</ref> [[チベット民族]] 5.65%,<ref name = "Qi2013">Xuebin Qi, Chaoying Cui, Yi Peng, ''et al.'', "Genetic Evidence of Paleolithic Colonization and Neolithic Expansion of Modern Humans on the Tibetan Plateau." ''Mol. Biol. Evol.'' 30(8):1761–1778. doi:10.1093/molbev/mst093</ref> [[カザフ人]] 5.33%<ref name = "Ashirbekov2017">E. E. Ashirbekov, D. M. Botbaev, A. M. Belkozhaev, A. O. Abayldaev, A. S. Neupokoeva, J. E. Mukhataev, B. Alzhanuly, D. A. Sharafutdinova, D. D. Mukushkina, M. B. Rakhymgozhin, A. K. Khanseitova, S. A. Limborska, N. A. Aytkhozhina, "Distribution of Y-Chromosome Haplogroups of the Kazakh from the South Kazakhstan, Zhambyl, and Almaty Regions." ''Reports of the National Academy of Sciences of the Republic of Kazakhstan'', ISSN 2224-5227, Volume 6, Number 316 (2017), 85 - 95.</ref> , [[ウイグル人]] 4.89% (2.8%,<ref name = "Liu2018" /> 4.8%,<ref name = "Zhong2011" /> 4.99%,<ref name = "Lu2011">Lu Yan (2011), "Genetic Mixture of Populations in Western China." Shanghai: Fudan University, 2011: 1-84. (Doctoral dissertation in Chinese: 陆艳, “中国西部人群的遗传混合”, 上海：复旦大学，2011: 1-84.)</ref> 6.0%,<ref name = "Hammer2006" /> 8.6%<ref name = "Xue2006" />), [[朝鮮民族]] 4% (1.8% Seoul-Gyeonggi,<ref name = "Kim2011">Soon-Hee Kim, Ki-Cheol Kim, Dong-Jik Shin, Han-Jun Jin, Kyoung-Don Kwak, Myun-Soo Han, Joon-Myong Song, Won Kim, and Wook Kim, "High frequencies of Y-chromosome haplogroup O2b-SRY465 lineages in Korea: a genetic perspective on the peopling of Korea." ''Investigative Genetics'' 2011, 2:10. http://www.investigativegenetics.com/content/2/1/10</ref> 3.0% Daejeon,<ref name = "Park2012">Park, M.J., Lee, H.Y., Yang, W.I., ''et al.'', "Understanding the Y chromosome variation in Korea—relevance of combined haplogroup and haplotype analyses." ''Int J Legal Med'' (2012) 126: 589. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00414-012-0703-9</ref> 4.0% Seoul,<ref name = "Park2012" /> 4.2% Chungcheong,<ref name = "Kim2011" /> 4.4% Jeolla,<ref name = "Kim2011" /> 4.8% Gyeongsang,<ref name = "Kim2011" /> 6.3% Gangwon,<ref name = "Kim2011" /> 6.9% Jeju<ref name = "Kim2011" />), [[日本人]] 1.9% (0%,<ref name = "Poznik2016" /> 0.8%,<ref name = "Nonaka2007">I. Nonaka, K. Minaguchi, and N. Takezaki, "Y-chromosomal Binary Haplogroups in the Japanese Population and their Relationship to 16 Y-STR Polymorphisms." ''Annals of Human Genetics'' (2007) 71, 480–495. doi: 10.1111/j.1469-1809.2006.00343.x</ref> 0.9%,<ref name = "Harayama2014">Yuta Harayama, Sayako Kamei, Noriko Sato, Tokutaro Hayashi, Tetsuya Shiozaki, Masao Ota, and Hideki Asamura, "Analysis of Y chromosome haplogroups in Japanese population using short amplicons and its application in forensic analysis." ''Legal Medicine'' 16 (2014) 20–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.legalmed.2013.10.005</ref> 1.7%,<ref name = "Ochiai2016">{{cite journal | vauthors = Ochiai E, Minaguchi K, Nambiar P, Kakimoto Y, Satoh F, Nakatome M, Miyashita K, Osawa M | title = Evaluation of Y chromosomal SNP haplogrouping in the HID-Ion AmpliSeq™ Identity Panel | journal = Legal Medicine | volume = 22 | issue = | pages = 58–61 | date = September 2016 | pmid = 27591541 | doi = 10.1016/j.legalmed.2016.08.001 }}</ref> 2.5%,<ref name = "Kim2011" /> 4.3%,<ref name = "Underhill2000">Peter A. Underhill, Peidong Shen, Alice A. Lin ''et al.'', "Y chromosome sequence variation and the history of human populations," ''Nature Genetics'' • Volume 26 • November 2000</ref> 4.8%,<ref name = "Hammer2006" /> 6.4%<ref name = "Xue2006" />)
[[ガナサン人]] 92%, [[ヤクート]] 75-84% {{harv|Xu|2015}}, [[ネネツ人]] 75%, [[フィン人]] 51-61% {{harv|Purps|2014}}, [[トゥバ人]] 27.2-54.5% {{harv|Kharkov|2013}}, [[エストニア人]] 40% {{harv|Purps|2014}}, [[サーミ人]] 40%, [[ブリヤート人]] 34.5% (20.2%,<ref name = "Derenko2006">Miroslava Derenko, Boris Malyarchuk, Galina A. Denisova, ''et al.'', "Contrasting patterns of Y-chromosome variation in South Siberian populations from Baikal and Altai-Sayan regions." ''Hum Genet'' (2006) 118: 591–604. DOI 10.1007/s00439-005-0076-y</ref> 25.0%,<ref name = "Kim2011" /> 30.9%,<ref name = "Hammer2006" /> 48.0%<ref name = "Kharkov2014">V. N. Kharkov, K. V. Khamina, O. F. Medvedeva, K. V. Simonova, E. R. Eremina, and V. A. Stepanov, "Gene Pool of Buryats: Clinal Variability and Territorial Subdivision Based on Data of Y-Chromosome Markers." ISSN 1022-7954, ''Russian Journal of Genetics'', 2014, Vol. 50, No. 2, pp. 180–190. {{DOI|10.1134/S1022795413110082}}</ref>), [[ラトビア人]] 30% {{harv|Purps|2014}}, [[リトアニア人]] 25% {{harv|Purps|2014}}, [[ナナイ族]] 17.8% {{harv|Xue|2006}}, [[スウェーデン人]] 9-22% {{harv|Purps|2014}}, [[シベ人]] 17.1%<ref name = "Xue2006">Yali Xue, Tatiana Zerjal, Weidong Bao, Suling Zhu, Qunfang Shu, Jiujin Xu, Ruofu Du, Songbin Fu, Pu Li, Matthew E. Hurles, Huanming Yang, and Chris Tyler-Smith, "Male Demography in East Asia: A North–South Contrast in Human Population Expansion Times." ''Genetics'' 172: 2431–2439 (April 2006). {{doi|10.1534/genetics.105.054270}}</ref>-18.0%<ref name = "Zhong2011" />, [[モンゴル人]] 11%,<ref name = "Katoh2005">Toru Katoh, Batmunkh Munkhbat, Kenichi Tounai, ''et al.'', "Genetic features of Mongolian ethnic groups revealed by Y-chromosomal analysis." ''Gene'' 346 (2005) 63–70. {{doi|10.1016/j.gene.2004.10.023}}</ref><ref name = "Hammer2006" /><ref name = "Xue2006" /><ref name = "Kim2011" /><ref name = "DiCristofaro2013">Di Cristofaro J, Pennarun E, Mazières S, Myres NM, Lin AA, ''et al.'' (2013), "Afghan Hindu Kush: Where Eurasian Sub-Continent Gene Flows Converge." ''PLoS ONE'' 8(10): e76748. {{doi|10.1371/journal.pone.0076748}}</ref><ref name = "Balinova2019" /> [[カルムイク人]] 10.4%,<ref name = "Malyarchuk2013">Boris Malyarchuk, Miroslava Derenko, Galina Denisova, Sanj Khoyt, Marcin Woźniak, Tomasz Grzybowski, and Ilya Zakharov, "Y-chromosome diversity in the Kalmyks at the ethnical and tribal levels." ''Journal of Human Genetics'' (2013) 58, 804–811; {{doi|10.1038/jhg.2013.108}}; published online 17 October 2013.</ref><ref name = "Balinova2019">Natalia Balinova, Helen Post, Siiri Rootsi, ''et al.'' (2019), "Y-chromosomal analysis of clan structure of Kalmyks, the only European Mongol people, and their relationship to Oirat-Mongols of Inner Asia." ''European Journal of Human Genetics'' {{doi|10.1038/s41431-019-0399-0}}</ref> [[満州人]] 10% (5.8%,<ref name = "Hammer2006">Michael F. Hammer, Tatiana M. Karafet, Hwayong Park, Keiichi Omoto, Shinji Harihara, Mark Stoneking, and Satoshi Horai, "Dual origins of the Japanese: common ground for hunter-gatherer and farmer Y chromosomes." ''J Hum Genet'' (2006) 51:47–58. DOI 10.1007/s10038-005-0322-0</ref> 9.1%,<ref name = "Zhong2011" /> 11.6%,<ref name = "Zhong2011" /> 12.5%,<ref name = "Zhong2011" /> 14.3%<ref name = "Xue2006" />), [[漢民族]] 6.77% (0% to 21.4%)<ref name = "Zhong2011">Hua Zhong, Hong Shi, Xue-Bin Qi, Zi-Yuan Duan, Ping-Ping Tan, Li Jin, Bing Su, and Runlin Z. Ma (2011), "Extended Y Chromosome Investigation Suggests Postglacial Migrations of Modern Humans into East Asia via the Northern Route." ''Mol. Biol. Evol.'' 28(1):717–727. {{doi|10.1093/molbev/msq247}}</ref>, [[ウルチ族]] 5.8%,<ref name = "Balanovska2018">E. V. Balanovska, Y. V. Bogunov, E. N. Kamenshikova, ''et al.'' (2018), "Demographic and Genetic Portraits of the Ulchi Population." ''Russian Journal of Genetics'', 2018, Vol. 54, No. 10, pp. 1245–1253. ISSN 1022-7954.</ref> [[チベット民族]] 5.65%,<ref name = "Qi2013">Xuebin Qi, Chaoying Cui, Yi Peng, ''et al.'', "Genetic Evidence of Paleolithic Colonization and Neolithic Expansion of Modern Humans on the Tibetan Plateau." ''Mol. Biol. Evol.'' 30(8):1761–1778. {{doi|10.1093/molbev/mst093}}</ref> [[カザフ人]] 5.33%<ref name = "Ashirbekov2017">E. E. Ashirbekov, D. M. Botbaev, A. M. Belkozhaev, A. O. Abayldaev, A. S. Neupokoeva, J. E. Mukhataev, B. Alzhanuly, D. A. Sharafutdinova, D. D. Mukushkina, M. B. Rakhymgozhin, A. K. Khanseitova, S. A. Limborska, N. A. Aytkhozhina, "Distribution of Y-Chromosome Haplogroups of the Kazakh from the South Kazakhstan, Zhambyl, and Almaty Regions." ''Reports of the National Academy of Sciences of the Republic of Kazakhstan'', ISSN 2224-5227, Volume 6, Number 316 (2017), 85 - 95.</ref> , [[ウイグル人]] 4.89% (2.8%,<ref name = "Liu2018" /> 4.8%,<ref name = "Zhong2011" /> 4.99%,<ref name = "Lu2011">Lu Yan (2011), "Genetic Mixture of Populations in Western China." Shanghai: Fudan University, 2011: 1-84. (Doctoral dissertation in Chinese: 陆艳, “中国西部人群的遗传混合”, 上海：复旦大学，2011: 1-84.)</ref> 6.0%,<ref name = "Hammer2006" /> 8.6%<ref name = "Xue2006" />), [[朝鮮民族]] 4% (1.8% Seoul-Gyeonggi,<ref name = "Kim2011">Soon-Hee Kim, Ki-Cheol Kim, Dong-Jik Shin, Han-Jun Jin, Kyoung-Don Kwak, Myun-Soo Han, Joon-Myong Song, Won Kim, and Wook Kim, "High frequencies of Y-chromosome haplogroup O2b-SRY465 lineages in Korea: a genetic perspective on the peopling of Korea." ''Investigative Genetics'' 2011, 2:10. http://www.investigativegenetics.com/content/2/1/10</ref> 3.0% Daejeon,<ref name = "Park2012">Park, M.J., Lee, H.Y., Yang, W.I., ''et al.'', "Understanding the Y chromosome variation in Korea—relevance of combined haplogroup and haplotype analyses." ''Int J Legal Med'' (2012) 126: 589. {{doi|10.1007/s00414-012-0703-9}}</ref> 4.0% Seoul,<ref name = "Park2012" /> 4.2% Chungcheong,<ref name = "Kim2011" /> 4.4% Jeolla,<ref name = "Kim2011" /> 4.8% Gyeongsang,<ref name = "Kim2011" /> 6.3% Gangwon,<ref name = "Kim2011" /> 6.9% Jeju<ref name = "Kim2011" />), [[日本人]] 1.9% (0%,<ref name = "Poznik2016" /> 0.8%,<ref name = "Nonaka2007">I. Nonaka, K. Minaguchi, and N. Takezaki, "Y-chromosomal Binary Haplogroups in the Japanese Population and their Relationship to 16 Y-STR Polymorphisms." ''Annals of Human Genetics'' (2007) 71, 480–495. {{doi|10.1111/j.1469-1809.2006.00343.x}}</ref> 0.9%,<ref name = "Harayama2014">Yuta Harayama, Sayako Kamei, Noriko Sato, Tokutaro Hayashi, Tetsuya Shiozaki, Masao Ota, and Hideki Asamura, "Analysis of Y chromosome haplogroups in Japanese population using short amplicons and its application in forensic analysis." ''Legal Medicine'' 16 (2014) 20–25. {{doi|10.1016/j.legalmed.2013.10.005}}</ref> 1.7%,<ref name = "Ochiai2016">{{cite journal | vauthors = Ochiai E, Minaguchi K, Nambiar P, Kakimoto Y, Satoh F, Nakatome M, Miyashita K, Osawa M | title = Evaluation of Y chromosomal SNP haplogrouping in the HID-Ion AmpliSeq™ Identity Panel | journal = Legal Medicine | volume = 22 | issue = | pages = 58–61 | date = September 2016 | pmid = 27591541 | doi = 10.1016/j.legalmed.2016.08.001 }}</ref> 2.5%,<ref name = "Kim2011" /> 4.3%,<ref name = "Underhill2000">Peter A. Underhill, Peidong Shen, Alice A. Lin ''et al.'', "Y chromosome sequence variation and the history of human populations," ''Nature Genetics'' • Volume 26 • November 2000</ref> 4.8%,<ref name = "Hammer2006" /> 6.4%<ref name = "Xue2006" />)


N1(xN1a,N1c) は[[遼河文明]]の遺骨からも高頻度で発見されている。<ref>[http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2148/13/216　Yinqiu Cui, Hongjie Li, Chao Ning, Ye Zhang, Lu Chen, Xin Zhao, Erika Hagelberg and Hui Zhou (2013）"Y Chromosome analysis of prehistoric human populations in the West Liao River Valley, Northeast China. " BMC 13:216]</ref>
N1(xN1a,N1c) は[[遼河文明]]の遺骨からも高頻度で発見されている。<ref>[http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2148/13/216 Yinqiu Cui, Hongjie Li, Chao Ning, Ye Zhang, Lu Chen, Xin Zhao, Erika Hagelberg and Hui Zhou (2013）"Y Chromosome analysis of prehistoric human populations in the West Liao River Valley, Northeast China. " BMC 13:216]</ref>
* [[Niuheliang]] ([[紅山文化]], 6500–5000 BP) 66.7%(=4/6)
* [[Niuheliang]] ([[紅山文化]], 6500–5000 BP) 66.7%(=4/6)
* [[Halahaigou]] ([[Xiaoheyan Culture]], 5000–4200 BP) 100.0%(=12/12)
* [[Halahaigou]] ([[Xiaoheyan Culture]], 5000–4200 BP) 100.0%(=12/12)
* [[Dadianzi]] ([[夏家店下層文化]], 4200–3600 BP) 60.0%(=3/5)
* [[Dadianzi]] ([[夏家店下層文化]], 4200–3600 BP) 60.0%(=3/5)


==言語との関連==
==言語との関連==
155行目: 155行目:


==土器との関連==
==土器との関連==
ハプログループN1*は[[円筒土器]]の担い手であり、N1*が観察される遼河地域や[[沿海州]]、日本の[[東北地方]]北部、[[北海道]]南部から円筒土器が発見されている<ref name = 安田/>。また、下位系統のN1a1は[[櫛目文土器]]の担い手であり<ref>Mazurkevich et al. (2014) [https://www.academia.edu/9452168/Archaeology_of_lake_settlements_IV-II_mill._BC_Mazurkevich_A._Polkovnikova_M._Dolbunova_E._ed　Archaeology of lake settlements IV-II mill. BC/ Mazurkevich A., Polkovnikova M., Dolbunova E. ed.]</ref>、朝鮮半島から遼河地域、モンゴル、シベリア、バルト海沿岸、[[北欧]]などにみられ<ref>[https://kotobank.jp/word/%E6%AB%9B%E7%9B%AE%E6%96%87%E5%9C%9F%E5%99%A8-55228　コトバンク「櫛目文土器」]</ref><ref name = 王/>、N1a1に属す[[ウラル系民族]]([[フィン・ウゴル系民族]])の拡散と対応している。
ハプログループN1*は[[円筒土器]]の担い手であり、N1*が観察される遼河地域や[[沿海州]]、日本の[[東北地方]]北部、[[北海道]]南部から円筒土器が発見されている<ref name = 安田/>。また、下位系統のN1a1は[[櫛目文土器]]の担い手であり<ref>Mazurkevich et al. (2014) [https://www.academia.edu/9452168/Archaeology_of_lake_settlements_IV-II_mill._BC_Mazurkevich_A._Polkovnikova_M._Dolbunova_E._ed Archaeology of lake settlements IV-II mill. BC/ Mazurkevich A., Polkovnikova M., Dolbunova E. ed.]</ref>、朝鮮半島から遼河地域、モンゴル、シベリア、バルト海沿岸、[[北欧]]などにみられ<ref>[https://kotobank.jp/word/%E6%AB%9B%E7%9B%AE%E6%96%87%E5%9C%9F%E5%99%A8-55228 コトバンク「櫛目文土器」]</ref><ref name = 王/>、N1a1に属す[[ウラル系民族]]([[フィン・ウゴル系民族]])の拡散と対応している。


==関連==
==関連==
*対となる[[ミトコンドリアDNA]][[ハプログループ]]は[[ハプログループZ (mtDNA)|Z系統]]である<ref>崎谷満『DNA・考古・言語の学際研究が示す新・日本列島史』（勉誠出版　2009年）</ref>。
*対となる[[ミトコンドリアDNA]][[ハプログループ]]は[[ハプログループZ (mtDNA)|Z系統]]である<ref>崎谷満『DNA・考古・言語の学際研究が示す新・日本列島史』（勉誠出版 2009年）</ref>。
<!--*関連する考古学的要素に[[櫛目文土器]]がある。これは朝鮮半島からバルト海にかけて広く観察され、[[ウラル語族]]の拡散を示す。-->
<!--*関連する考古学的要素に[[櫛目文土器]]がある。これは朝鮮半島からバルト海にかけて広く観察され、[[ウラル語族]]の拡散を示す。-->


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==脚注==
==脚注==
{{Reflist|30em}}
<references />


{{デフォルトソート:はふろくるうふN Yせんしよくたい}}
{{デフォルトソート:はふろくるうふN Yせんしよくたい}}

2019年10月15日 (火) 08:16時点における版

N (Y染色体) 系統
ハプログループNの分布
系統祖 {{{major-haplo}}}
発生時期 41,900年（95% CI 40,175年～43,591年）前[1]
44,700年あるいは38,300年前[2]
36,800年 (95% CI 34,300年～39,300年)前[3]
発生地（推定） 東アジア
現存下位系統の
分岐開始年代（下限値）		 20,000年前～25,000年前[4]
21,900年（95% CI 19,700年～24,200年）前[3]
親階層 NO
分岐指標 M231
高頻度民族・地域 北アジア、ヨーロッパ北東部。ウラル系民族、ユカギール人、ヤクート人に高頻度。

ハプログループN (Y染色体)（ハプログループN (Yせんしょくたい)、英: Haplogroup N (Y-DNA)）とは分子人類学において人類の父系を示すY染色体ハプログループ（型集団）の分類で、「M231」以下の系統に位置すると定義されるものである[5]。

起源・分布

ファイル:Haplogroup N & O (Y-DNA) migration.png
ハプログループNの移動経路（青色）

Y染色体のハプログループNは、現存のY染色体ハプログループの中で最も近縁のハプログループであるハプログループOとはKarmin et al. (2015)によれば41,900年（95% CI 40,175年～43,591年）前[1]、Poznik et al. (2016)によれば44,700年あるいは38,300年前[2]、YFull (2017)によれば36,800年 (95% CI 34,300年～39,300年)前[3]に分岐をしたと推定されている。ハプログループNに属す現存のY染色体は20,000年前～25,000年前[4]に東アジアにおいて分岐をし始めたと推定されており、ユーラシア北部、さらにはシベリアを横断して北欧まで分布を広げた[6]。観察頻度はネネツ人に97%、 ガナサン人に92%、ヤクート人に88％[7]、 フィン人に63%[8]、チュクチ人に58%[9] サーミ人に47%[10]、エストニア人に41%[11]、ユカギール人に31%[12]、ロシア人に20%[13]などである。ウラル語族との関連が想定される。フィン・ウゴル系にN1a1、サモエード系にN1a2が多い。

遼河文明の遺跡人骨からもN1が60%以上の高頻度で見つかっており[14][15]、かつては東アジア北部においても支配的であったと想定されるが、現在においては概ね10%程度の低頻度となっている。

日本と遼河文明

ハプログループN、Oに関連する東アジアの民族移動

ハプログループNは日本人全体では平均して2%ほど[16][17][18][19]と低頻度であるが、青森県ではN1(xN-M128,N-P43,N-M46/N-Tat)が7.7%(26人中2人)観察された例がある[20]。遼河文明の遺跡人骨からもN1（N1(xN-M128,N-M46/N-Tat)を高頻度に含む）が60%以上の高頻度で見つかっており[14] [15]、かつ三内丸山遺跡と遼河文明の関連性が指摘されている[21][22]ことから、遼河人の一部は日本列島にまで進出していた可能性も考えられる。

下位系統

主にISOGG tree Y-DNA Haplogroup N and its Subclades - 2017による 太字は想定される関連諸語

N M231/Page91, M232/M2188

各民族における頻度

ガナサン人 92%, ヤクート 75-84% (Xu 2015), ネネツ人 75%, フィン人 51-61% (Purps 2014), トゥバ人 27.2-54.5% (Kharkov 2013), エストニア人 40% (Purps 2014), サーミ人 40%, ブリヤート人 34.5% (20.2%,[33] 25.0%,[34] 30.9%,[35] 48.0%[36]), ラトビア人 30% (Purps 2014), リトアニア人 25% (Purps 2014), ナナイ族 17.8% (Xue 2006), スウェーデン人 9-22% (Purps 2014), シベ人 17.1%[16]-18.0%[37], モンゴル人 11%,[38][35][16][34][39][40] カルムイク人 10.4%,[41][40] 満州人 10% (5.8%,[35] 9.1%,[37] 11.6%,[37] 12.5%,[37] 14.3%[16]), 漢民族 6.77% (0% to 21.4%)[37], ウルチ族 5.8%,[42] チベット民族 5.65%,[43] カザフ人 5.33%[44] , ウイグル人 4.89% (2.8%,[45] 4.8%,[37] 4.99%,[46] 6.0%,[35] 8.6%[16]), 朝鮮民族 4% (1.8% Seoul-Gyeonggi,[34] 3.0% Daejeon,[47] 4.0% Seoul,[47] 4.2% Chungcheong,[34] 4.4% Jeolla,[34] 4.8% Gyeongsang,[34] 6.3% Gangwon,[34] 6.9% Jeju[34]), 日本人 1.9% (0%,[2] 0.8%,[48] 0.9%,[49] 1.7%,[50] 2.5%,[34] 4.3%,[51] 4.8%,[35] 6.4%[16])

N1(xN1a,N1c) は遼河文明の遺骨からも高頻度で発見されている。[52]

言語との関連

ハプログループNの系統樹とウラル語族の系統樹が一致しないことは、ウラル語族の櫛状分岐モデルを支持するものである。遺伝子系統からはユカギール語はサモエード語よりもフィン・ウゴル語に近い可能性が示唆される。ヤクートはもともとウラル系であったが、テュルク系に言語交替を起こしたようである。

土器との関連

ハプログループN1*は円筒土器の担い手であり、N1*が観察される遼河地域や沿海州、日本の東北地方北部、北海道南部から円筒土器が発見されている[21]。また、下位系統のN1a1は櫛目文土器の担い手であり[53]、朝鮮半島から遼河地域、モンゴル、シベリア、バルト海沿岸、北欧などにみられ[54][22]、N1a1に属すウラル系民族(フィン・ウゴル系民族)の拡散と対応している。

関連

ヒトのY染色体ハプログループの系統樹
Y染色体アダム (Y-MRCA)
A0 A1
A1a A1b
A1b1 BT
B CT
DE CF
D E C F
G H IJK
IJ K
I J K1 K2
L T MS NO P K2*
N O Q R

脚注

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  2. ^ a b c G. David Poznik, Yali Xue, Fernando L. Mendez, et al., "Punctuated bursts in human male demography inferred from 1,244 worldwide Y-chromosome sequences." Nature Genetics 2016 June ; 48(6): 593–599. doi:10.1038/ng.3559.
  3. ^ a b c d e f g h YFull Haplogroup YTree v5.08 at 14 November 2017
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  5. ^ The b2/b3 deletion in the AZFc region of the human Y-chromosome is a characteristic of Haplogroup N-M231 haplotypes. This deletion, however, appears to have occurred independently on four different occasions. Therefore this deletion should not be thought as a unique event polymorphism contributing to the definition of this branch of the Y-chromosome tree (ISOGG 2012).
  6. ^ Roosti et al.(2004)Phylogeography of Y-chromosome haplogroup I reveals distinct domains of prehistric gene flow n Europe. Am.J.Hum.Genet.75:128-137
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