eBay

出典: フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア(Wikipedia)』

これはこのページの過去の版です。Bcxfu75k (会話 | 投稿記録) による 2020年5月27日 (水) 15:43個人設定で未設定ならUTC)時点の版 (雑草取り http://https://)であり、現在の版とは大きく異なる場合があります。

eBay Inc.
種類
株式会社
市場情報 NASDAQ: EBAY
NASDAQ-100 Component
S&P 500 Component
業種 Internet
設立 1995年9月3日 (28年前) (1995-09-03) (as AuctionWeb)
創業者 ピエール・オミダイア
本社 San Jose, California, U.S.
主要人物
サービス Online shopping
売上高 増加 US$9.567 billion (2017)[1]
営業利益
減少 US$2.265 billion (2017)[1]
利益
減少 US$−1.016 billion (2017)[1]
総資産 増加 US$25.981 billion (2017)[1]
純資産 減少 US$8.063 billion (2017)[1]
従業員数
~14,100 (December 2017)[1]
子会社 eBayClassifieds, Kijiji, iBazar, GittiGidiyor, Gumtree, G-Market, Stubhub, Half.com, Marktplaats.nl, Qoo10.jp
ウェブサイト www.ebay.com

eBay Inc. (イーベイ) は、アメリカ合衆国カリフォルニア州サンノゼに本社を置くアメリカ合衆国のグローバルEC企業で、世界中で1.6億人、Sellerは2,500万人(個人・法人含む)とインターネットオークションでは世界最多の利用者を持つ。事業内容は自社ウェブサイト上でC2CおよびB2Bなど個々間での取引を可能にするグローバルマーケットプレイスの運営である。eBayは、ピエール・オミダイアが1995年に設立し、ドットコム・バブル期に成功した企業の一つで、世界約30ヶ国で数十億ドルのEC事業を行っている[2]。 同社は、個人・企業を問わず様々なモノを世界中で売買できるオンラインオークションとショッピングのeBay.comを運営している。eBay.comでは、バイヤー(買い手)は自由に利用できるが、セラー(売り手)は一定数以上の商品掲載やそれらが売り切れた後に商品の再掲載をする際に一定額の利用料が必要となる[3]

殊更にオークション領域では、 eBay.comが「今すぐ買う」オンラインショッピングを発展・拡張して以来、UPC(Universal Product Code)や ISBN(国際標準図書番号)または、SKU(Stock Keeping Unit)の様な形で何らかの番号(Half.comを介す)での価格最適化、オンラインクラシファイド広告 (Kijiji 又は eBay Classifiedsを介す)、 オンラインチケットトレーディング (StubHubを介す)、その他多数のeBay系列のサービスを構築している。以前は、オンライン送金も自社で提供していた(2002年から2015年までeBayの子会社だったPayPalを介し行われていた[4])。

日本国内での事業は大きく2つあり、イーベイジャパン株式会社とeBay Japan合同会社の2社を設けている。イーベイジャパン株式会社では、B2Bの越境販売支援事業を行っている。eBay Japan合同会社では、B2Cの国内総合ECモールQoo10を運営しているが、未だeBay.comのグローバルプラットフォームとはシステム連携を行っていないと見られている。

歴史

eBay本社オフィス(アメリカ合衆国カリフォルニア州サンノゼ)

創業初期

eBayの前身となったオークションウェブ(AuctionWeb)は、1995年9月3日カリフォルニア州で、当時、コンピュータープログラマーだったイラン系アメリカ人(出生フランス)のピエール・オミダイアによって趣味の一環の一つのウェブサイトとして構築された。[5]オークションウェブで最初に売れたものは、「壊れたレーザーポインター」で、落札価格は14.83ドルであった。驚いたオミダイアは、落札者に何故「壊れたと分かっているレーザーポインター」を購入したのか理由を聞くためにコンタクトを取った。そこで、オミダイアがメールの返信で受け取った返答は、「私は、壊れたレーザーポインターをコレクションしているんだ。」という回答だった[6]

繰り返すが、eBayは、あくまでもオミダイアの個人的趣味としてのウェブサイトだった。しかし、インターネットのサービスプロバイダーがオミダイアに、大量のトラフィックがあるため、アカウントをビジネスアカウントへアップグレードを要求する通知を送ってきた。その結果、月額30ドルから250ドルの管理費が請求され、eBayのユーザーに対して利用料を課さざるを得ない状況になった。このオミダイアの意思に反し利用料を課す事態に直面したが幸いにクレーム等には当たらなかった[7]。そして、創業初の社員(Chris Agarpao)を雇用した[8][9]

ピエール・オミダイア(eBayの創業者兼会長)

2016年になって間もなく、Jeffrey Skollが新しい初代社長として就任。1996年11月には、創業初となる買収案件で、Smart Market社の技術を活用し旅行商品や飛行機のチケットを販売するElectronic Travel Auction社のライセンス買収を行った。成長率は著しく、1997年1月に200万件のオークションがeBay.com上で取引された。これは、1996年年間のeBay.com上での取引が25万件であったことと比べるとかなりの急成長と言える。[10]

公式にオークションウェブがeBayへサービス名称を変更したのは、1997年9月である。サービス名称の成り立ちとしては、オミダイアのコンサルティングファームだった「Echo Bay Technology Group」に由来する。オミダイアは、「echobay.com」としてドメイン名称を登録しようと試みたが、すでに金鉱関連企業の「Echo Bay Mines社」[11]に所有されており、echobay.comを省略する形で「eBay.com」と命名しドメイン登録を行った。[12]

1997年にベンチャーキャピタルファームのBenchmark Capitalから6.7億ドルの資金調達を実施。[13]

1998年3月に、Meg Whitman(メグ・ホイットマン)がeBayの代表取締役兼社長として就任。当時のeBayの従業員数は30名[14]で、 アメリカ合衆国内で50万ユーザーと470万ドルの売上を誇っていた[15]

度々語られるストーリーとしては、eBay設立は、創業者オミダイアのフィアンセがPezキャンディー販売機の取引をしており、彼女を助けるためにオークションウェブを立ち上げたというものであるが、それは1997年にパブリックリレーションズマネジャーのMary Lou Song(eBayの3人目の社員)がでっち上げた創作だった。この創作の背景は、左記のストーリーを公表するより以前に発表した、「Perfect Market[16]を創り上げたかったから」という理由に対し興味を示さないメディアの興味を惹くためであった[16]。このストーリーは、Adam Cohenの著書で明らかにされており(The Perfect Store (2002))[5]、著書の内容に関してeBayも内容を認めている[16]

eBayが株式公開後、Omidyar(オミダイア)とSkoll(スコール)の両名は瞬間的に億万長者となった。NASDAQ上場での株式初公開後のeBayの株価は18ドルを目標と設定されていたが、予想に反して、53.50ドルにまで駆け上った[17]

ビーニーベイビーズとeBay

Pez販売機神話は、大規模パブリシティーの発生とeBayの数あるカテゴリの中でも急速に成長しているトイコレクター間の取引を更にアクティベートするための広報戦略でもあった。当時、Ty, Inc.が製造するBeanie Babies(ビーニーベイビーズ) は、トイカテゴリーの中ではリーダー的存在であり、どれほど探したとしても最も小売店で見つけることが難しい商品だった。ビーニーベイビーズは瞬く間にeBay.comサイト内の代表的目玉商品となり、全体のリスティングの10%を占めた[18][19]

株式非公開期に、eBayのマーケットシェアを拡大させた要因は大きく2つある。

  • 1990年代中ごろ、ビーニーベイビーズのコレクション需要が殺到した・・・コレクターがビーニーベイビーズを全種コンプリートするためにあらゆる手段で探していた。
  • Ty社が、初めてWebsite上でB2Cビジネスを始めた・・・Lina Trivediが構築した初期のTyウェブサイトは、ビーニーベイビーズを持っているユーザーがC2Cでオンライン取引を可能にする投稿機能が備わっていたが、ソートの効かないリスティング状況に不便を感じたユーザーらの、もっと効率よくビーニーベイビーズを取引できるマーケットが欲しいというユーザーの合理的な要望により閉鎖されることになった。 [18]

結果的に、eBayのユーザーフレンドリーなUI設計が彼らの求めている最適な商品リスティングを提供できたことからeBayに需要が集中した。

1998年9月21日にeBayは株式を公開した[20]。1998年に、オミダイアはeBayの年次レポート内のリスク要因として、ビーニーベイビーズ市場の影響を強く受け続けていることを記し、 US Securities and Exchange Commission(米国証券取引委員会)に対して提出した[18][21]

2000年代

収集品として価値が高い物だけでなく遍く販売可能な商品まで取扱商品カテゴリを拡充した結果、eBayは急速に成長した[6]。2002年2月、iBazarという1998年創業のeBayと類似したオンラインオークションサービスを行っているヨーロッパの企業を買収した[22]。更に、同年の10月3日、PayPalを買収した[23]

2008年になって間もなくeBayは世界中に拡大し、何億人ものユーザーが会員登録し、同時に従業員数も1万5千人になり、77億ドルもの売上高を誇った。eBayの代表になって約10年目のタイミングで、Whitman(ホイットマン)は政治参入を決めた。2008年1月23日、eBayはホイットマンが2008年3月31日付けで同社代表を退任することを発表し、John Donahoeが新しいeBayの代表取締役兼社長に選出された。[24]2008年が過ぎるまでは、ホイットマンは新代表のアドバイザー役として取締役会に籍を置いていた。2009年終盤、eBayは子会社のSkypeを27.5億ドルでの売却を完了したが、株式の30%は現在も保有している[25]

2010年代

2012年、eBayは United States Department of Justice(アメリカ合衆国司法省)により、同業他社の優秀な人材の雇用に関するnon-solicitation agreements(勧誘禁止契約)の締結を課せられた[26]

2014年9月30日、eBayが子会社のPaypalをスピンオフすることを表明した。これは同発表の9ヶ月以前から 、ヘッジファンド界の大物で活動家として知られるCarl Icahnにより要求されたものである。Paypalのスピンオフは2015年7月18日に完了し、当時CEOだったJohn Donahoeが退任した[27][28][29]

2018年1月31日、eBayは主要決済プロバイダーをPaypalからオランダのスタートアップ企業のAdyenに変更する事を発表した。PaypalからAdyenへの主要決済プロバイダー移行は、2021年までに完了される見込みである。一方で、Paypalも決済手段の一つとして引き続き使用可能だと明言している[30]

企業情報

取締役会

2014年11月時点での取締役一覧[31]

ロゴ

2012年9月、eBayは ユニバース(書体)を起用しロゴを刷新したが、旧ロゴの活用も散見された。[32] 2012年10月10日に公式ウェブサイトに、1995年の創業以来使用し続けてきた旧ロゴを新ロゴと置き換える形で公開された。休日には、同デザインで色が全て赤になったロゴが使用されると紹介されている。

Profit and transactions

eBay generates revenue by a complex system of fees for services, listing product features, and a final value fee for sales proceeds by sellers. As of November 2012, the US-based eBay.com charges $0.10 to $2, based on the opening or reserve price, as an insertion fee for a basic auction-style listing without any adornments. The Final Value Fee amounts to 10% of the total amount of the sale, which is the price of the item plus shipping charges.[33] Fixed-price listings have an insertion fee of $0.30, and the final value fee varies based on category and total amount of the sale (e.g., 13% for DVDs & Movies up to $50)[34]. The UK-based ebay.co.uk[35] takes from £0.15 to a maximum rate of £3 per £100 for an ordinary listing and up to 10% of the final price. Reduced Final Value Fees are available to business registered customers.

Under US law, a state cannot require sellers located outside the state to collect a sales tax, making purchases more attractive to buyers. Although some state laws require resident purchasers to pay use tax on out-of-state purchases, it is not a common practice.[要出典] However, sellers that operate as a business do follow state tax regulations on eBay transactions[36][37]. However Value Added Tax (VAT), the EU countries' sales tax, is different. eBay requires sellers to include the VAT element in their listing price and not as an add-on and thus profits by collecting fees based not only on the sale price "ex VAT" but also on the VAT.[38] In a similar manner eBay also charges its Final Value Fees on all shipping charges.

The company's business strategy includes increasing international trade[39][40]. eBay has already expanded to over two dozen countries, including China and India. Strategic international expansion has failed in Taiwan and Japan, where Yahoo! had a head start, and New Zealand, where Trade Me is the dominant online auction website. eBay also notably failed in China due to competition from local rival Taobao.[41] eBay entered the Chinese market in 2002 and shut down its Chinese site in 2007[42]. In India too, eBay's operations came to a halt[43] after it sold off its India operations[44] to country's largest ecommerce company Flipkart, in the latter's $1.4Bn fundraise[45], where eBay was a participant too,[46]in the achived too.

In its Q1 2008 results, total payment volume via PayPal increased 17%, but off the eBay auction site it was up 61%.[47]

For most listing categories, eBay sellers are permitted to offer a variety of payment systems such as Escrow.com,[48] PayPal, Paymate, Propay, and Skrill[49]. Propay and Skrill were banned effective September 27, 2015, citing low usage.[50]

Escrow.com is eBay's approved escrow site. The transactions processed through Escrow.com largely are in relation to eBay Motors; however, they are not restricted to this type of listing[48].

eBay runs an affiliate program under the name eBay Partner Network[51]. eBay affiliate marketers were originally paid a percentage of the eBay seller's transaction fees, with commissions ranging from 50% to 75% of the fees paid for an item purchased. In October 2009, eBay changed to an affiliate payout system that it calls Quality Click Pricing, in which affiliates are paid an amount determined by an undisclosed algorithm. The total earnings amount is then divided by the number of clicks the affiliate sent to eBay and is reported as Earnings Per Click, or EPC. In October 2013, ePN launched a new pricing model. The new model is more transparent and is based on category-level base commission rates with bonuses available for referring new and reactivated buyers[52].

On April 18, 2012 eBay reported a 29% Q1 revenue increase to $3.3 billion compared to their Q1 in 2011. Net income was reported to be at $570 million for the quarter[53].

For the fiscal year 2017, eBay reported losses of US$1.016 billion, with an annual revenue of US$9.567 billion, an increase of 6.6% over the previous fiscal cycle. eBay's shares traded at over $35 per share, and its market capitalization was valued at over US$27.2 billion in October 2018.

Year Revenue
in mil. USD$
Net income
in mil. USD$
Total Assets
in mil. USD$
Price per Share
in USD$
Employees
2005[54] 4,552 1,082 11,789 15.65
2006[55] 5,970 1,126 13,494 13.00
2007[56] 7,672 348 15,366 13.25
2008[57] 8,541 1,779 15,592 9.58
2009[58] 8,727 2,389 18,408 7.29
2010[59] 9,156 1,801 22,004 9.68
2011[60] 11,652 3,229 27,320 12.28
2012[61] 14,072 2,609 37,074 16.61
2013[62] 8,257 2,856 41,488 21.03 33,500
2014[63] 8,790 46 45,132 21.01 34,600
2015[64] 8,592 1,725 17,755 25.00 11,600
2016[65] 8,979 7,266 23,847 27.08 12,600
2017[66] 9,567 −1,016 25,981 35.06 14,100

Environmental record

On May 8, 2008, eBay announced the opening of its newest building on the company's North Campus in San Jose, which is the first structure in the city to be built from the ground up to LEED Gold standards[67]. The building, the first the company had built in its 13-year existence, uses an array of 3,248 solar panels, spanning 60,000平方フィート (5,600 m2), and providing 650 kilowatts of power to eBay's campus[68]. The array can supply 15–18% of the company's total energy requirements, reducing the amount of greenhouse gases that would be produced to create that energy by other means[68]. SolarCity, the company responsible for designing the array, estimates that the solar panels installed on eBay's campus will prevent 37 million pounds of carbon dioxide from being released into the environment as a result of replaced power production over the next three decades. Creating an equivalent impact to remove the same amount of carbon dioxide from the atmosphere would require planting 322エーカー (1.30 km2) of trees.

The design of the building also incorporates other elements to reduce its impact on the environment. The building is equipped with a lighting system that detects natural ambient light sources and automatically dims artificial lighting to save 39% of the power usually required to light an office building. eBay's newest building also reduces demand on local water supplies by incorporating an eco-friendly irrigation system, and low-flow shower heads and faucets. Even during construction, more than 75% of the waste from construction was recycled. eBay also runs buses between San Francisco and the San Jose campus to reduce the number of commuting vehicles.[67] In 2014, eBay and several other Oregon businesses signed the Oregon Business Climate Declaration to promote local job growth and slow carbon pollution[69].

買収(M&A)

Magento

In February 2011, eBay announced it had made an investment in Magento in 2010, worth a 49% ownership share of the company. On June 6, 2011, eBay announced that it would be acquiring the rest of Magento, which would join its new X.Commerce initiative. Magento's CEO and co-founder Roy Rubin wrote on the Magento blog that "Magento will continue to operate out of Los Angeles, with Yoav Kutner and me as its leaders.".

Yoav Kutner left Magento in April 2012, citing that the vision for Magento had changed since the time of acquisition due to high-level staff changes.

As a result of the breakup of eBay following Carl Icahn's raid, Magento was spun out as an independent company by the new owner Permira private equity fund on 3 November 2015.

PayPal

On October 3, 2002, PayPal became a wholly owned subsidiary of eBay[70]. Its corporate headquarters were sited in San Jose, California[71], United States at eBay's North First Street satellite office campus. On September 30, 2014, eBay Inc. announced the divestiture of PayPal as an independent company, which was completed on July 20, 2015[72].

Craigslist

In the summer of 2004, eBay acknowledged that it had acquired 25% of classified listings website Craigslist. Former Craigslist executive Phillip Knowlton was the seller, and he insisted that his former employer was aware of his plans to divest his holdings. Initially, eBay assured Craigslist that they would not ask the company to change the way it does business.

In March 2005, eBay launched the classifieds service Kijiji. In April 2008, eBay sued Craigslist to "safeguard its four-year financial investment", claiming that in January 2008, Craigslist took actions that "unfairly diluted eBay's economic interest by more than 10%."[73] Craigslist countersued in May 2008 "to remedy the substantial and ongoing harm to fair competition" that Craigslist claimed was constituted by eBay's actions as a Craigslist shareholder[74]. In September 2010, Delaware Judge William Chandler ruled that the actions of Craigslist were unlawful and that the actions taken by Craigslist founders Jim Buckmaster and Craig Newmark had "breached their fiduciary duty of loyalty", and restored eBay's stake in the company to 28.4% from a diluted level of 24.85%[75]. However, the judge dismissed eBay's objection to a staggered board provision, citing that Craigslist has the right to protect its own trade secrets[76][77]. eBay spokesman Michael Jacobson stated "We are very pleased that the court gave eBay what it sought from the lawsuit."[75]

Skype

In October 2005, eBay Inc. acquired Skype Technologies[78], developer of the Skype VoIP and Instant messaging service, significantly expanding its customer base to more than 480 million registered users worldwide. eBay later sold a majority stake in Skype in November 2009, while retaining a minority investment in the company[79]. This eventually led to the sale of the entire Skype business to Microsoft for $8.5 billion in May 2011[80].

StubHub

StubHub's acquisition by eBay was announced in January 2007 for a reported $310 million[81][82][83]. According to CNN Money, 2007 was a very successful year for the company, handling five million individual transactions, more than in the previous six years combined of its history[84]. Staffing at StubHub had increased to 350 workers by the time of the sale[83]. Eight months after the acquisition, StubHub reached an exclusive agreement with Major League Baseball (MLB)[84]. They get a piece of the 25% in commissions StubHub earns on either end of a sale. Ticketmaster filed a lawsuit against StubHub and eBay in 2007, alleging "intentional interference" with Ticketmaster's contractual rights[85].

Corrigon

In October 2016, eBay acquired Corrigon, a visual search engine, for less than $30 million[86].

Qoo10.jp

In April 2018, eBay acquired Qoo10.jp, a market place driven by Giosis and having the 4th GMV in Japan, for a reported $573 million[87]. With the close of the transaction, eBay also has relinquished its investment in Giosis’ non-Japanese businesses.  This acquisition expands eBay’s footprint in Japan, one of the largest e-commerce markets in the world. eBay made an initial investment in Giosis Pte. Ltd. in 2010.  Since then, Giosis has established dynamic marketplace businesses across Asia. With today’s acquisition, eBay will build on Giosis’ progress in Japan, enhancing the domestic customer experience and providing approximately two million Japanese buyers currently using the Qoo10.jp platform with a well-curated selection of merchandise sourced both locally and from across the globe. eBay’s Japan business, including Giosis’ Japan business, will report into Jooman Park, Senior Vice President of eBay’s Asia Pacific region[88].

Use for data analysis

eBay is a publicly visible market which has attracted an interest from economists, who have used it to analyze aspects of buying and selling behavior, auction formats, etc., comparing them with previous theoretical and empirical findings.

Computer information systems researchers have also shown interest in eBay. Michael Goul, Chairman of the Computer Information Systems department of the W. P. Carey School of Business at Arizona State University, published an academic case based on eBay’s big data management and use in which he discusses how eBay is a data-driven company that processes 50 petabytes of data a day[89].

eBay uses a system that allows different departments in the company to check out data from their data mart into sandboxes for analysis. According to Goul, eBay has already experienced significant business successes through its data analytics. eBay employs 5,000 data analysts to enable data-driven decision making[89].

Third party

In 2006 the accounting software company Intuit launched a web-based donation tracking service called ItsDeductible. The service uses data from eBay to help users assign a market value to the items they donate[90].

Visual search

In July 2017 eBay released an image search capability allowing users to find listings on the site that match an item depicted in a photo, using artificial intelligence and machine learning technologies[91].

GCHQ

UK's GCHQ has a suite of tools for monitoring target use of eBay, named ELATE[92].

Items

Millions of collectibles, decor, appliances, computers, furnishings, equipment, domain names[93], vehicles, and other miscellaneous items are listed, bought, or sold daily on eBay. In 2006, eBay launched its Business & Industrial category, breaking into the industrial surplus business. Generally, anything can be auctioned on the site as long as it is not illegal and does not violate the eBay Prohibited and Restricted Items policy.[94] Services and intangibles can be sold, too. Large international companies, such as IBM, sell their newest products and offer services on eBay using competitive auctions and fixed-priced storefronts. Separate eBay sites such as eBay US and eBay UK allow the users to trade using the local currency. Software developers can create applications that integrate with eBay through the eBay API by joining the eBay Developers Program[95]. In June 2005, there were more than 15,000 members in the eBay Developers Program, comprising a broad range of companies creating software applications to support eBay buyers and sellers as well as eBay Affiliates.

Numerous government and police agencies[96] around the world now use eBay as well as traditional auctions to dispose of seized and confiscated goods.

Controversy has arisen over certain items put up for bid. For instance, in late 1999 a man offered one of his kidneys for auction on eBay, attempting to profit from the potentially lucrative (and, in the United States, illegal) market for transplantable human organs[97].

eBay North First Street satellite office campus (home to PayPal)

Beginning in August 2007, eBay required listings in "Video Games" and "Health & Beauty" to accept its payment system PayPal and sellers could only accept PayPal for payments in the category "Video Games: Consoles"[98]. Starting January 10, 2008, eBay said sellers can only accept PayPal as payment for the categories "Computing > Software", "Consumer Electronics > MP3 Players", "Wholesale & Job Lots > Mobile & Home Phones", and "Business, Office & Industrial > Industrial Supply / MRO"[99]. eBay announced that starting in March 2008, eBay had added to this requirement that all sellers with fewer than 100 feedbacks must offer PayPal and no merchant account may be used as an alternative[100][101]. This is in addition to the requirement that all sellers from the United Kingdom have to offer PayPal[102].

Further, and as noted below, it was a requirement to offer PayPal on all listings in Australia and the UK. In response to concerns expressed by the Australian Competition and Consumer Commission, however, eBay has since removed the policy on the ebay.com.au website requiring sellers to offer PayPal as a payment option.

eBay Express logo
eBay Office in Toronto

On April 24, 2006, eBay opened its new eBay Express site, which was designed to work like a standard Internet shopping site for consumers with United States addresses[103]. Before it closed in 2008, selected eBay items were mirrored on eBay Express, where buyers used a traditional digital shopping cart to purchase from multiple sellers[104]. The UK version was launched to eBay members in mid-October 2006, but on January 29, 2008, eBay announced its intention to close the site[105]. The German version, eBay Express Germany[106], was also opened in 2006 and closed in 2008.

At the 2008 eBay Developer's Conference, eBay announced the Selling Manager Applications program (SM Apps)[107]. The program allows approved developers to integrate their applications directly into the eBay.com interface[108]. The applications created by developers are available for subscription by eBay members who also subscribe to Selling Manager.

eBay maintains a number of specialty sites including the discussion boards, groups, answer center, chat rooms, and reviews and guides. eBay's mobile offerings include SMS alerts, a WAP site, Java ME clients, and mobile applications for Windows Phone, Android OS, and Apple iPhone.

The initiative Choice in eCommerce was founded on May 8, 2013 by several online retailers in Berlin, Germany[109][110][111][112][113][114][115][116][117]. The cause was, in the view of the initiative, sales bans and online restrictions by individual manufacturers. The dealers felt cut off from their main sales channel and thus deprived them the opportunity to use online platforms like Amazon, eBay, or Rakuten in a competitive market for the benefit of their customers.

Unusual items

Many unusual items have been placed for sale on eBay, including at least two previously undiscovered species, including the Coelopleurus exquisitus sea urchin[118][119].

Prohibited or restricted items

In its earliest days, eBay was nearly unregulated. However, as the site grew, it became necessary to restrict or prohibit auctions for various items. Note that some of the restrictions relate to eBay.com (the US site), while other restrictions apply to specific European sites (such as Nazi paraphernalia). Regional laws and regulations may apply to the seller or the buyer. Generally, if the sale or ownership of an item is regulated or prohibited by one or more states, eBay will not permit its listing. Among the hundred or so banned or restricted categories:

Bidding

Auction-style listings

Bidding on eBay (old or new)'s auction-style listing is called proxy bidding and is essentially equivalent to a Vickrey auction (sealed-bid), with the following exceptions.

  • The winning bidder pays the second-highest bid plus one bid increment amount (that is, some small predefined amount relative to the bid size), instead of simply the highest bid. However, since the bid increment amounts are relatively insignificant compared to the bid size, they are not considered from a strategic standpoint[143].
  • The highest bidder's bid is sealed, as in a Vickrey auction, but the current winning bid (second highest plus one increment) is displayed throughout the auction to allow price discovery[144].
  • Because eBay's auction-style listings are sealed-bid, it is usually to all bidders' advantage that bids are made only at the very end of the auction (except for an initial minimum bid, that cancels out a "Buy It Now" option, or prevents the seller from ending the listing early). Early bids will usually not increase the bidder's chance of winning the auction, and will often raise the item's final price (winning bid) for the eventual winner.
  • eBay also allows sellers to offer a "Buy it Now" price that will end the auction immediately. The Buy It Now price is available until someone bids on the item, or until the reserve price is met. When the Buy It Now option disappears, the auction-style listing proceeds normally[145].

Seller ratings

In 2008, eBay implemented a system of seller ratings with four categories. Buyers are asked to rate the seller in each of these categories with a score of one to five, with five being the highest rating. Unlike the overall feedback rating, these ratings are anonymous; neither sellers nor other users learn how individual buyers rated the seller. The listings of sellers with a rating of 4.3 or below in any of the four rating categories appear lower in search results. Power Sellers are required to have scores in each category above 4.5[146][147][148][149][150].

In a reversal of roles, on January 24, 2010, Auctionbytes.com held an open survey in which sellers could rate eBay, as well as competing auction and marketplace sites[151]. In the survey, users were asked to rank 15 sites based on five criteria: profitability, customer service, communication, ease of use, and recommendation.

eBay was ranked 13th[152], after other large sites such as Amazon and Craigslist, as well as lesser-known selling sites such as Atomic Mall, eCRATER, and Ruby Lane. In individual category rankings, eBay was rated the worst of all the 15 sites on customer service and communication, and average on ease of use. Some respondents stated they would have given eBay a rating of 10, three to five years ago. eBay was rated twelfth out of fifteen in the Recommended Selling Venue category.

Charity auctions

Using MissionFish as an arbiter, eBay allows sellers to donate a portion of their auction proceeds to a charity of the seller's choice.[153] The program is called eBay Giving Works in the US, and eBay for Charity[154] in the UK. eBay provides a partial refund of seller fees for items sold through charity auctions[155]. As of March 4, 2010, $154 million has been raised for US nonprofits by the eBay Community since eBay Giving Works began in 2003[156].

Some high-profile charity auctions have been advertised on the eBay home page[157]. As of June 2010, the highest successful bid on a single item for charity was for the annual "Power Lunch"[158] with investor Warren Buffett at the famous Smith & Wollensky Steakhouse in New York. The winning bid was $2.63 million with all of the proceeds going to the Glide Foundation. The winning bidder was not made public, but was able to bring up to seven friends to the lunch. In 2012, a higher bid, of $3.46 million, also going to the Glide Foundation, won a lunch with Buffet[159]. In 2016 an anonymous bidder won a $3.45 million lunch with Warren Buffett and the money raised from the auction was given to Glide Foundation[160].

The previous highest successful bid on a single item for charity was for a letter[161] sent to Mark P. Mays, CEO of Clear Channel (parent company of Premiere Radio Networks the production company that produces The Rush Limbaugh Show and Glenn Beck Program) by Senator Harry Reid and forty other Democratic senators, complaining about comments made by conservative talk show host Rush Limbaugh. The winning bid was $2,100,100, with all of the proceeds going to the Marine Corps-Law Enforcement Foundation, benefiting the education of children of men and women who have died serving in the armed forces. The winning bid was matched by Limbaugh in his largest charity donation to date[162].

In 2007; eBay Canada partnered with Montreal-based digital branding agency CloudRaker to develop a campaign to raise money for Sainte-Justine children's hospital in Montreal. They aligned themselves with Internet phenomenon Têtes à claques to create an eBay auction based on popular T-A-C character Uncle Tom, an infomercial host who pitches absurd products. eBay and CloudRaker reproduced Uncle Tom's imaginary products, The Body Toner Fly Swatter, The Willi Waller Potato Peeler, and the LCD Shovel and sold them online. In six weeks, they raised $15,000 for Hôpital St-Justine with one fly swatter, one potato peeler, and one shovel, a world record. The Body Toner Fly Swatter sold for $8,600, the Willi Waller Potato Peeler sold for $3,550, and the LCD Shovel sold for $2,146.21.

Shipping

During auction setup, eBay provides shipping-method choices to sellers: ordinary mail, express mail, and/or courier service. The seller may choose to offer only one shipping method to buyers; or the seller may offer buyers a choice of options.

Very-low-value items shipped directly from China are sometimes shipped by surface mail (sea mail), which is inexpensive but takes one to two months[163]. If the buyer is in a hurry, he or she might be able to pay an extra fee to upgrade to second-class Surface Air Lifted shipping or to first-class airmail shipping.

Since 2012, eBay has been enlisting sellers into its "Global Shipping Program". If a seller uses the program, non-domestic buyers pay a fee to Pitney Bowes. The seller sends the item to a Pitney Bowes facility in the US (or UK), which then forwards it to the buyer, taking care of all international shipping requirements. The program is claimed to enhance the product selection available to international buyers[164].

Controversy and criticism

Common eBay criticisms involve the policy of requiring the use of PayPal for payments and concerns over fraud, forgeries and intellectual property violations in auction items[要出典]. There are also issues of how negative feedback after an auction can offset the benefits of using eBay as a trading platform[要出典]. eBay has been criticized for not paying UK taxes: the Sunday Times reported in October 2012 that eBay paid only £1.2m in tax on sales of over £800m[165].

2014 security breach

On May 21, 2014 the company revealed that the consumer database of usernames, passwords, phone numbers, and physical addresses had been breached between late February and early March. Users were advised to change their passwords; to expedite this, a "change password" feature was added to profiles of users who had not yet done so. The Syrian Electronic Army took responsibility for the attack. The SEA said that even though the hack revealed millions of users' banking details to them, they would not misuse the data. They had replaced the front pages of the websites with their own logo, called "Defacing" in technical terms. The hack caused eBay's share price to crash in intra-day trade as a result of the breach of security[166][167][168][169].

関連企業

脚注

  1. ^ a b c d e f eBay, Inc. 2017 Annual Report (Form 10-K)”. sec.gov. U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (2018年1月). 2018年12月29日閲覧。
  2. ^ Global Trade: 1. Finding International Items On eBay”. ebay.com. 2011年4月21日閲覧。 “With sites in over 30 countries, eBay is the best place to find interesting and exotic items at discount prices from sellers around the World”
  3. ^ Seller fees & invoices”. eBay. 2014年9月8日閲覧。
  4. ^ Suciu, Peter (2008年4月18日). “Skype and PayPal – A Different Set of Rules”. All Business. 2008年4月23日閲覧。
  5. ^ a b Cohen, Adam (2003). The Perfect Store. Boston: Back Bay Books. ISBN 0-316-16493-3 
  6. ^ a b How did eBay start?”. about.com. 2007年1月26日閲覧。
  7. ^ DeNardis, Anthony (2013). Thinking Differently, eBay Going Forward. Lulu.com. p. 15. ISBN 1304706648. https://books.google.com/books?id=eGAtBgAAQBAJ&printsec=frontcover&source=gbs_ge_summary_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q&f=false 2017年6月28日閲覧。 
  8. ^ Cohen, Adam (2002年6月16日). “'The Perfect Store'” (英語). New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/2002/06/16/books/chapters/the-perfect-store.html 2018年8月22日閲覧。 
  9. ^ Meet eBay's First Employee” (英語). www.ebayinc.com (2015年7月19日). 2018年11月20日閲覧。
  10. ^ page 36, The eBay Phenomenon by Elen Lewis publ2008 by Marshall Cavendish books
  11. ^ Echobay Partners LTD”. Echobay.com. 2011年1月20日閲覧。
  12. ^ Mullen, Amy. “The history of ebay”. Happynews.com. 2009年3月24日閲覧。
  13. ^ Stross, Randall (December 29, 2009). eBoys: The First Inside Account of Venture Capitalists at Work. Ballantine Books (May 29, 2001). pp. 28–29. ISBN 978-0-345-42889-9. https://www.amazon.com/eBoys-Inside-Account-Venture-Capitalists/dp/0345428897/ 
  14. ^ Thomas, Owen (2009年10月8日). “eBay founder factchecks John McCain”. Valleywag. オリジナルの2008年10月9日時点におけるアーカイブ。. https://web.archive.org/web/20081009161536/http://valleywag.com/5060675/ebay-founder-factchecks-john-mccain 2009年3月4日閲覧。 
  15. ^ “The history of eBay: How the internet auctioneer rose to the top”. The Telegraph. (2011年4月15日). https://www.telegraph.co.uk/finance/personalfinance/8451898/The-history-of-eBay.html 2017年6月28日閲覧。 
  16. ^ a b c Berkun, Scott (August 27, 2010). The Myths of Innovation. O'Reilly Media, Inc.. p. 6. ISBN 978-1-4493-8962-8. https://books.google.com/books?id=kPCgnc70MSgC&pg=PA6 2011年9月7日閲覧。 
  17. ^ eBay roars into public trading”. CNET. 2018年11月20日閲覧。
  18. ^ a b c Bissonnette, Zac (March 2015). “The Efficient Market”. The Great Beanie Baby Bubble: Mass Delusion and the Dark Side of Cute. Penguin Books. pp. 122–125. ISBN 1591846021 
  19. ^ Anne Vandermey (2015年3月11日). “Lessons From the Great Beanie Babies Crash”. Fortune Magazine. http://fortune.com/2015/03/11/beanie-babies-failure-lessons/ 2018年7月11日閲覧。 
  20. ^ eBay Inc. – MSN Fact Sheet”. Moneycentral.hoovers.com. 2009年3月24日閲覧。
  21. ^ Pierre M. Omidyar: The Web For The People”. Bloomburg BusinessWeek (2004年12月5日). 2018年6月17日閲覧。
  22. ^ “The history of eBay” (英語). The Daily Telegraph. https://www.telegraph.co.uk/finance/personalfinance/8451898/The-history-of-eBay.html 2017年7月24日閲覧。 
  23. ^ “It's Official: eBay Wed PayPal”. CNET. (2002年10月3日). http://www.cnet.com/news/its-official-ebay-weds-paypal/ 2015年10月4日閲覧。 
  24. ^ John Donahoe”. Crunchbase.com. 2011年11月1日閲覧。
  25. ^ Wauters, Robin (2009年11月19日). “Breaking: eBay Completes Skype Sale At $2.75 Billion Valuation”. The Washington Post. https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2009/11/19/AR2009111903725.html 2011年11月1日閲覧。 
  26. ^ Singer, Bill (2012年11月19日). “After Apple, Google, Adobe, Intel, Pixar, and Intuit, Antitrust Employment Charges Hit eBay”. Forbes. 2018年11月20日閲覧。
  27. ^ EBay to Spin Off PayPal, Adopting Strategy Backed by Icahn”. The New York Times. 2014年9月30日閲覧。
  28. ^ EBay follows Icahn's advice, plans PayPal spinoff in 2015”. 2014年9月30日閲覧。
  29. ^ eBay, PayPal to split into separate companies in 2015”. CNET. 2014年9月30日閲覧。
  30. ^ Browne, Ryan (2018年2月1日). “Why eBay abandoned PayPal for a smaller European competitor”. CNBC. https://www.cnbc.com/2018/02/01/why-ebay-abandoned-paypal-for-a-smaller-european-competitor.html 2018年2月2日閲覧。 
  31. ^ Board of Directors”. eBay Inc. 2014年11月4日閲覧。
  32. ^ Brand New: eBay Settles for Lowest Bid.”. Brand New. 2015年2月5日閲覧。
  33. ^ Auction-style listing fees”. Standard selling fees. 2012年11月18日閲覧。
  34. ^ Fixed price listing fees”. Standard selling fees. 2012年11月18日閲覧。
  35. ^ Contact Information”. Pages.ebay.co.uk. 2011年1月20日閲覧。
  36. ^ Ebay's history – know your roots!”. Ecommerce Journal. 2008年3月26日時点のオリジナルよりアーカイブ。2010年2月25日閲覧。
  37. ^ eBay Guides – Tickets Buying Guide”. Pages.ebay.ca. 2010年2月25日閲覧。
  38. ^ eBay January 2008 announcement board. Posted on 30 January 2008 06:20 pm GMT”. .ebay.com. 2010年2月25日閲覧。
  39. ^ eBay Inc. – eBay Inc. Outlines Global Business Strategy”. Investor.ebay.com. 2010年2月25日閲覧。
  40. ^ The brand that auctioned the www: eBay”. Finance.indiainfo.com (2009年4月24日). 2009年5月24日時点のオリジナルよりアーカイブ。2010年2月25日閲覧。
  41. ^ How Taobao bested Ebay in China”. Financial Times. 2013年11月3日閲覧。
  42. ^ Tom Online: eBay's Last China Card”. Bloomberg BusinessWeek. 2013年11月3日閲覧。
  43. ^ Russell, Jon. “Flipkart raises $1.4 billion from eBay, Microsoft and Tencent at an $11.6 billion valuation”. TechCrunch. 2017年4月10日閲覧。
  44. ^ Dalal, Mihir (2017年4月10日). “Flipkart to buy eBay India as part of $1.4 billion fund-raising deal”. http://www.livemint.com/Companies/RjjyJUShEtiZ2DjgzUBczM/Flipkart-to-buy-eBay-India-as-part-of-14-billion-fundrais.html 2017年4月10日閲覧。 
  45. ^ At a $11.6Bn valuation, Flipkart scores a hefty $1.4Bn from Microsoft, Tencent & eBay”. The Tech Portal (2017年4月10日). 2017年4月10日時点のオリジナルよりアーカイブ。2017年4月10日閲覧。
  46. ^ At a comparision-between-ebay-koovs-limeroad”. Theinfohubsl (2017年4月10日). 2017年4月10日時点のオリジナルよりアーカイブ。2017年4月10日閲覧。
  47. ^ Q1 eBay earnings call April 16th 2008”. Seekingalpha.com. 2010年2月25日閲覧。
  48. ^ a b Using escrow services for eBay Motors vehicle purchases”. eBay Inc.. 2018年11月20日閲覧。
  49. ^ Accepted Payments Policy”. Pages.ebay.com. 2009年3月24日閲覧。
  50. ^ eBay Bans Sellers from Offering PayPal Rivals”. eCommerce Bytes. 2015年8月31日時点のオリジナルよりアーカイブ。2015年8月31日閲覧。
  51. ^ eBay Partner Network”. eBay Partner Network. 2010年2月25日閲覧。
  52. ^ New Pricing to Launch on October 1st”. eBay Inc.. 2018年11月20日閲覧。
  53. ^ Rao, Leena. “eBay Beats; Q1 Revenue Up 29 Percent To $3.3B; Net Income Up 20 Percent”. TechCrunch. AOL. 2018年11月20日閲覧。
  54. ^ 2005 Annual Report”. 2018年11月20日閲覧。
  55. ^ 2006 Annual Report”. 2018年11月20日閲覧。
  56. ^ 2007 Annual Report”. 2018年11月20日閲覧。
  57. ^ 2008 Annual Report”. 2018年11月20日閲覧。
  58. ^ 2009 Annual Report”. 2018年11月20日閲覧。
  59. ^ 2010 Annual Report”. 2018年11月20日閲覧。
  60. ^ 2011 Annual Report”. 2018年11月20日閲覧。
  61. ^ 2012 Annual Report”. 2018年11月20日閲覧。
  62. ^ 2013 Annual Report”. 2018年11月20日閲覧。
  63. ^ 2014 Annual Report”. 2018年11月20日閲覧。
  64. ^ 2015 Annual Report”. 2018年11月20日閲覧。
  65. ^ 2016 Annual Report”. 2018年11月20日閲覧。
  66. ^ eBay Inc. - Financial Information - Annual Reports” (英語). investors.ebayinc.com. 2018年11月18日閲覧。
  67. ^ a b eBay Inc. Opens New "Green" Building and Unveils Largest Commercial Solar Installation in San Jose”. Csrwire.com. 2009年3月24日閲覧。
  68. ^ a b EBay opens building with largest solar roof in San Jose”. San Jose Mercury News. 2013年1月28日時点のオリジナルよりアーカイブ。2010年2月25日閲覧。
  69. ^ Intel, eBay in forefront as Oregon tech companies join fight against climate change”. 2014年9月24日閲覧。
  70. ^ Wolverton, Troy (2002年10月3日). “It's official: eBay weds PayPal”. CNET. 2007年5月7日閲覧。
  71. ^ Samuels, Diana (October 29, 2012), “PayPal lays off 325 in effort to speed innovation”, San Jose Business Journal: bizjournals.com, http://www.bizjournals.com/sanjose/blog/2012/10/paypal-lays-off-325-in-effort-to-speed.html 2012年10月30日閲覧。 
  72. ^ EBay And PayPal Formally Split On July 20”. ebay.com. 2015年7月2日時点のオリジナルよりアーカイブ。2018年11月20日閲覧。
  73. ^ “EBay sues Craigslist ad website”. BBC. (2008年4月23日). http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/business/7362221.stm 2008年5月8日閲覧。 
  74. ^ “Craigslist strikes back at eBay”. BBC. (2008年5月13日). http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/business/7399720.stm 2008年5月13日閲覧。 
  75. ^ a b “EBay wins legal ruling against Craigslist”. Market Watch. (2010年9月9日). http://www.marketwatch.com/story/ebay-wins-legal-ruling-against-craigslist-2010-09-09-184200 2010年9月23日閲覧。 
  76. ^ “eBay Gets Partial Win in Craigslist Poison Pill Lawsuit”. Daily Finance. (2010年9月10日). http://www.dailyfinance.com/story/company-news/ebay-craigslist-poison-pill-lawsuit/19628437/ 2010年9月23日閲覧。 
  77. ^ “Ruling Restores Ebay's Stake in Craigslist”. The Street. (2010年9月9日). http://www.thestreet.com/story/10857157/1/ruling-restores-ebays-stake-in-craigslist.html?cm_ven=GOOGLEFI 2010年9月23日閲覧。 
  78. ^ EBay Buys Skype for $2.6 Billion”. PC World (2005年9月12日). 2015年9月21日閲覧。 “Online auction site EBay has agreed to acquire Internet telephony company Skype Technologies for $2.6 billion, the companies have announced.”
  79. ^ Breaking: eBay Completes Skype Sale At $2.75 Billion Valuation”. TechCrunch (2009年11月19日). 2015年9月21日閲覧。 “eBay has just announced that it has completed the sale of Skype, valuing the company at $2.75 billion.”
  80. ^ Bright, Peter (2011年5月10日). “Microsoft Buy Skype for $8.5 Billion. Why, Exactly?”. Wired. https://www.wired.com/2011/05/microsoft-buys-skype-2/ 2015年10月2日閲覧。 
  81. ^ Who needs Tickets?. Nielsen Business Media, Inc.. (February 3, 2007). p. 18. ISSN 0006-2510. https://books.google.com/books?id=TxIEAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA18 2013年4月30日閲覧。 
  82. ^ Shelly, Gary B.; Vermaat, Misty E. (2008). Discovering Computers 2009: Introductory. Cengage Learning. p. 103. ISBN 978-1-4239-1197-5. https://books.google.com/books?id=qqdGbLYpl4wC&pg=PA103 2013年4月30日閲覧。 
  83. ^ a b “EBay Buying StubHub for $310M in Cash”. Associated Press Online, accessed via HighBeam Research. (2011年1月11日). オリジナルの2014年6月10日時点におけるアーカイブ。. https://web.archive.org/web/20140610193420/http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1Y1-102038755.html 2013年4月30日閲覧。 
  84. ^ a b Fekete, Jeffrey (2010). Making the Big Game: Tales of an Accidental Spectator. Publish Green. p. 142. ISBN 978-1-936401-07-9. https://books.google.com/books?id=mpRM-qaCDF0C&pg=PT142 2013年4月30日閲覧。 
  85. ^ Billboard. Nielsen Business Media, Inc.. (May 5, 2007). p. 6. ISSN 0006-2510. https://books.google.com/books?id=PxMEAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA6 2013年4月30日閲覧。 
  86. ^ Lunden, Ingrid. “eBay acquires visual search engine Corrigon for less than $30M”. TechCrunch. 2016年10月7日閲覧。
  87. ^ “EBay paid $573M to buy Japanese e-commerce platform Qoo10, filing reveals” (英語). TechCrunch. https://techcrunch.com/2018/07/20/ebay-qoo10/ 2018年11月15日閲覧。 
  88. ^ eBay Completes Acquisition of Giosis’ Japan Business” (英語). www.ebayinc.com (2018年5月2日). 2018年11月15日閲覧。
  89. ^ a b eBay Study: How to Build Trust and Improve the Shopping Experience”. Knowwpcarey.com (2012年5月8日). 2012年6月19日時点のオリジナルよりアーカイブ。2012年6月24日閲覧。
  90. ^ Elmblad, Shelley. “ItsDeductible Online Tracks Charitable Contributions All Year”. About.com. 2013年12月28日閲覧。
  91. ^ Perez, Sarah. “Ebay to launch visual search tools for finding products using photos from your phone or web”. TechCrunch. 2017年7月28日閲覧。
  92. ^ Hacking Online Polls and Other Ways British Spies Seek to Control the Internet”. The Intercept. 2018年11月20日閲覧。
  93. ^ eBay domain name sellers: ipadtrilogy.com for sale £3,000,000?!”. DoesWhat (2011年4月8日). 2011年11月1日閲覧。
  94. ^ Prohibited and Restricted Items – Overview”. eBay. 2006年6月28日閲覧。
  95. ^ eBay Developers Program”. eBay. 2006年6月28日閲覧。
  96. ^ government Auctions”. Police and Government Auctions. 2015年4月7日閲覧。
  97. ^ Harmon, Amy (1999年9月3日). “Auction for a kidney pops up on Ebay's site”. The New York Times: nytimes.com. September 3, 1999. https://www.nytimes.com/1999/09/03/us/auction-for-a-kidney-pops-up-on-ebay-s-site.html 2014年10月7日閲覧。 
  98. ^ August 10, 2007, 10:38 am BST post to eBay announcement board by eBay's staff”. .ebay.com (2007年8月10日). 2010年2月25日閲覧。
  99. ^ 21 December 2007 12:10 pm GMT General announcement by eBay”. .ebay.com. 2010年2月25日閲覧。
  100. ^ Announcement posted in a section on eBay called Changes in 2008”. Web.archive.org (2008年2月15日). 2008年2月15日時点のオリジナルよりアーカイブ。2011年11月1日閲覧。
  101. ^ eBay February 2008 announcement board posted on 28 February 2008 02:49 pm GMT”. .ebay.com. 2010年2月25日閲覧。
  102. ^ eBay announcement 24 March 2008 09:00 am GMT”. .ebay.com. 2010年2月25日閲覧。
  103. ^ Perez, Juan Carlos (2006年4月24日). “eBay Previews New eBay Express”. PC World. http://www.pcworld.com/article/125526/article.html 2015年10月4日閲覧。 
  104. ^ Stone, Brad (2008年10月11日). “Amid the Gloom, an E-Commerce War” (英語). The New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/2008/10/12/business/12giants.html 2018年8月22日閲覧。 
  105. ^ January 2008”. .ebay.com. 2009年3月24日閲覧。
  106. ^ eBay – eine der größten deutschen Shopping-Websites”. ebayexpress.de. 2011年1月20日閲覧。
  107. ^ eBay Developer's Conference Highlights”. .ebay.com. 2008年4月3日時点のオリジナルよりアーカイブ。2009年6月10日閲覧。
  108. ^ Selling Manager Applications”. .ebay.com. 2009年6月10日閲覧。
  109. ^ Petition for Choice in Ecommerce”. Tamebay.com. 2018年11月20日閲覧。
  110. ^ Choice in eCommerce”. The newroomsonline blog. 2018年11月20日閲覧。
  111. ^ Noel, Jean-Marc (2013年8月9日). “Online retailers prepare to fight the sales ban - Ecommerce News Blog”. Trustedshops.co.uk. 2015年5月29日時点のオリジナルよりアーカイブ。2014年5月21日閲覧。
  112. ^ eBay lobbies to ban sales restrictions”. Toy World Magazine. 2014年2月21日時点のオリジナルよりアーカイブ。2014年5月21日閲覧。
  113. ^ Choice in eCommerce Campaigns for Resale Rights”. Web Retailer (2013年9月6日). 2014年5月21日閲覧。
  114. ^ Choice in eCommerce Interview”. Web Retailer (2013年9月21日). 2014年5月21日閲覧。
  115. ^ BILD, Online-Händler kämpfen gegen Hersteller-Boykott, July 16, 2013
  116. ^ eCommerce Magazin 7-2013, Online-Handel gründet Initiative gegen Verkauftsverbot, July 17, 2013
  117. ^ Aufstand gegen Adidas und Co.: Online-Händler stemmen sich gegen Verkaufsverbote”. FOCUS Online (2013年7月16日). 2018年11月20日閲覧。
  118. ^ BBC - Outriders: An Exquisite New Species found on Ebay”. BBC. 2018年11月20日閲覧。
  119. ^ Insect expert discovers new species on eBay” (2008年8月19日). 2012年12月28日時点のオリジナルよりアーカイブ。2008年8月19日閲覧。
  120. ^ Tobacco policy”. eBay. 2010年2月25日閲覧。
  121. ^ eBay. “Alcohol policy”. 2010年12月25日閲覧。
  122. ^ McNIFF and GOMSTYN, EAMON and ALICE. “eBay Begins Removing Alcohol Listings After '20/20' Report on Teen Buyer”. ABC News. 2012年9月22日閲覧。
  123. ^ eBay. “Drugs and drug paraphernalia policy”. 2010年12月25日閲覧。
  124. ^ Offensive material policy”. eBay. 2010年12月25日閲覧。
  125. ^ eBay bans Confederate battle flag, other items bearing racist icon”. Ars Technica. 2015年6月23日閲覧。
  126. ^ eBay. “Bootleg recordings policy”. 2010年12月25日閲覧。
  127. ^ Firearms, weapons, and knives policy”. eBay. 2010年12月25日閲覧。
  128. ^ eBay. “Used clothing policy”. 2010年12月25日閲覧。
  129. ^ Government documents, IDs, and licenses policy”. eBay. 2010年2月25日閲覧。
  130. ^ Vergano, Dan. “eBay Just Nixxed Its Human Skull Market”. BuzzFeed News. 2010年12月25日閲覧。
  131. ^ a b eBay. “Animals and wildlife products policy”. 2010年12月25日閲覧。
  132. ^ Rules about intellectual property – overview”. eBay. 2010年12月25日閲覧。
  133. ^ Slot machines policy”. eBay. 2010年12月25日閲覧。
  134. ^ a b eBay. “Adult Only category policy”. 2010年12月25日閲覧。
  135. ^ Digitally delivered goods policy”. 2010年12月25日閲覧。
  136. ^ Anderson, Nate (2007年1月30日). “eBay bans the auction of in-game items”. Ars Technica. https://arstechnica.com/gaming/news/2007/01/8731.ars 2010年12月25日閲覧。 
  137. ^ “eBay bans trade in knives in UK”. BBC News. (2008年2月9日). http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/business/7879701.stm 2009年2月17日閲覧。 
  138. ^ “tarot readings and spells”. BBC News. (2012年8月20日). https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/technology-19323622 2012年8月22日閲覧。 
  139. ^ No item listings and inappropriate comments policy”. 2013年1月24日閲覧。
  140. ^ Hole, Chris (2010年9月18日). “Norton DJ's charity ghost sale spirited off eBay”. Evening Gazette. 2013年1月24日閲覧。
  141. ^ Thomas, Owen (2012年7月6日). “Turns Out You're Not Allowed To Sell Your Soul On eBay”. Business Insider. 2013年1月24日閲覧。
  142. ^ Prohibited and restricted items – overview”. eBay. 2010年12月25日閲覧。
  143. ^ eBay's explanation of bid increments”. Pages.ebay.com. 2010年2月25日閲覧。
  144. ^ Domain Name Auctions”. AUCX.com. 2018年11月20日閲覧。
  145. ^ Selling using a fixed price”. ebay.com. 2018年11月20日閲覧。
  146. ^ February 2008”. .ebay.com. 2009年3月24日閲覧。
  147. ^ January 2008”. .ebay.com. 2009年3月24日閲覧。
  148. ^ Upcoming Changes to Feedback”. Pages.ebay.com. 2009年3月24日閲覧。
  149. ^ Fees 2008 Overview”. Pages.ebay.com. 2009年3月24日閲覧。
  150. ^ January 2008”. .ebay.com. 2009年3月24日閲覧。
  151. ^ Steiner, Ina (2010年1月24日). “Seller's Choice: Merchants Rate Ecommerce Marketplaces”. Auctionbytes.com. 2010年6月27日閲覧。
  152. ^ Steiner, Ina (2010年1月24日). “Seller's Choice Marketplace Ratings: eBay”. Auctionbytes.com. 2010年6月27日閲覧。
  153. ^ "eBay update adds a Sell for Charity option for US and UK markets". The Next Web, by Jackie Dove — June 9, 2015
  154. ^ "eBay Rebrands Missionfish the PayPal Giving Fund". Ina Steiner, EcommerceBytes, January 15, 2013
  155. ^ How eBay For Charity Works”. TechNotif. 2017年1月31日閲覧。
  156. ^ Welcome to eBay Giving Works”. Ebaygivingworks.com. 2011年10月30日時点のオリジナルよりアーカイブ。2011年11月1日閲覧。
  157. ^ 2008 Jeffrey Carpenter, Jessica Holmes and Peter Hans Matthews Charity Auctions: A field of Experiment, The Economic Journal, Vol118 p92-93, Royal Economic Society, London- Blackwell Publishing January 2008.
  158. ^ “UPDATE 1-Warren Buffett lunch sells for $2.63 mln on eBay”. Reuters. (2010年6月11日). https://www.reuters.com/article/2010/06/12/buffett-lunch-auction-idUSN1115876120100612 2010年6月17日閲覧。 
  159. ^ “Cost to lunch with Warren Buffett: $3.5 million”. Associated Press. (2012年6月9日). http://usatoday30.usatoday.com/money/companies/story/2012-06-09/cost-lunch-warren-buffett/55476718/1 2014年7月29日閲覧。 
  160. ^ Das, Anupreeta (2016年6月11日). “Warren Buffett Lunch Auction Won by Mystery Bidder for $3,456,789”. The Wall Street Journal. ISSN 0099-9660. https://www.wsj.com/articles/mystery-bid-of-3-456-789-wins-lunch-with-warren-buffett-1465648848 2016年12月28日閲覧。 
  161. ^ eBay Update: High Bidder on Reid Letter Will Own Historic Document”. Rushlimbaugh.com (2007年10月16日). 2009年5月10日時点のオリジナルよりアーカイブ。2009年3月24日閲覧。
  162. ^ Strom, Stephanie (2007年10月20日). “Critical Letter to Limbaugh Fetches $2 Million”. The New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/2007/10/20/washington/20letter.html?em&ex=1193025600&en=044964c8f9169d02&ei=5087%0A 2010年5月1日閲覧。 
  163. ^ China Travel Tips » Postal Service”. Travel China Guide website. Xian Marco Polo International Travel Service Co., Ltd. 2017年2月19日閲覧。 “Surface mail takes one to two months. ... The postage for an air mail is almost twice as much as surface mail.”
  164. ^ pjcdn2005 (2013年2月8日). “Re: eBay Global shipping program”. eBay Seller Central forum. 2013年5月1日閲覧。
  165. ^ “EBay 'pays £1.2m in UK tax' on sales of £800m”. BBC News. (2012年10月21日). https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/business-20022365 2014年1月4日閲覧。 
  166. ^ EBay customers must reset passwords after major hack”. CNN. 2014年5月21日閲覧。
  167. ^ “EBay urging users to change passwords after breach”. USA Today. (2014年5月21日). https://www.usatoday.com/story/tech/2014/05/21/ebay-breach/9368969/ 2014年5月21日閲覧。 
  168. ^ “EBay asks 145 million users to change passwords after cyber attack”. Reuters. (2014年5月21日). https://www.reuters.com/article/2014/05/21/us-ebay-password-idUSBREA4K0B420140521 2014年5月21日閲覧。 
  169. ^ “eBay Suffers Massive Security Breach, All Users Must Change Their Passwords”. Forbes. (2014年5月21日). https://www.forbes.com/sites/gordonkelly/2014/05/21/ebay-suffers-massive-security-breach-all-users-must-their-change-passwords/ 2014年5月21日閲覧。 

関連項目

外部リンク

  • eBay Incのビジネスデータ: