ジョウハル (風俗)

ジョウハル（ヒンディー語: जौहर、英: jauhar, johar, juhar^[1]^[2]）は、かつてのヒンドゥーの風習である。戦において敗北が決したとき、侵略者による略奪や奴隷化・レイプを防ぐために、女性の集団が焼身自殺する^[3]^[4]^[5]。この風習は歴史的にインド北西部で見られ、現在のラージャスターン州に樹立していたラージプート諸王朝 (Rajput kingdoms) がムスリム軍に敗北したときのものが特に知られている^[6]^[7]^[8]。ジョウハルはサティーと関連しており、学術文献においてジョウハル・サティー (jauhar sati) として言及されることがある^[4]。

ヴィーナ・オルデンブルク (Veena Talwar Oldenburg) によれば、この風習がラージプート諸王朝間の内紛に起源をもつことは「ほぼ確実」だという^[9]。一方で、カウシィク・ロイ (Kaushik Roy) によれば、ジョウハルの風習はヒンドゥー＝イスラム間の戦争でのみ見られ、ラージプート諸王朝間の内紛では見られなかったという^[10]。

ジョウハルという語は時として、集団焼身自殺のみならずサカ (saka) という儀式をも指すことがある。ラージプートの女性は軍事的な敗北と略奪が避けられない状況に置かれると、略奪を防ぐために子供と金目のものとを巻きこんで、業火で自殺を決行していた^[4]^[11]。それと同時に、あるいはその後、男性は死を覚悟して戦地に赴く。後者の宗教行事がサカと呼ばれている^[1]。

出典

^ ^a ^b Margaret Pabst Battin (2015). The Ethics of Suicide: Historical Sources. Oxford University Press. p. 285. ISBN 978-0-19-513599-2
^ Richard Maxwell Eaton (1996). The Rise of Islam and the Bengal Frontier, 1204-1760. University of California Press. p. 166. ISBN 978-0-520-20507-9
^ John Stratton Hawley (1994). Sati, the Blessing and the Curse: The Burning of Wives in India. Oxford University Press. p. 189. ISBN 978-0-19-536022-6
^ ^a ^b ^c Lindsey Harlan (1992). Religion and Rajput Women: The Ethic of Protection in Contemporary Narratives. University of California Press. pp. 160 footnote 8. ISBN 978-0-520-07339-5 , Quote: "In this she resembles the sati who dies in jauhar. The jauhar sati dies before and while her husband fights what appears to be an unwinnable battle. By dying, she frees him from worry about her welfare and saves herself from the possible shame of rape by triumphant enemy forces."
^ Arvind Sharma (1988), Sati: Historical and Phenomenological Essays, Motilal Banarsidass Publ, ISBN 9788120804647, page xi, 86
^ Pratibha Jain, Saṅgītā Śarmā, Honour, status & polity
^ Mandakranta Bose (2014), Faces of the Feminine in Ancient, Medieval, and Modern India, Oxford University Press, ISBN 978-0195352771, page 26
^ Malise Ruthven (2007), Fundamentalism: A Very Short Introduction, Oxford University Press, ISBN 978-0199212705, page 63;
John Stratton Hawley (1994), Sati, the Blessing and the Curse, Oxford University Press, ISBN 978-0195077742, page 165-166
^ Veena Oldenburg, A Comment to Ashis Nandy's "Sati as Profit versus Sati as Spectacle: The Public Debate on Roop Kanwar's Death," in Hawley, Sati the Blessing and the Curse: The Burning of Wives in India, page 165
^ Kaushik Roy (2012), Hinduism and the Ethics of Warfare in South Asia: From Antiquity to the Present, Cambridge University Press, ISBN 978-1107017368, pages 182-184
^ Claude Markovits (2004). A History of Modern India, 1480-1950. Anthem Press. pp. 57–58. ISBN 978-1-84331-152-2

[battin285-1] Margaret Pabst Battin (2015). The Ethics of Suicide: Historical Sources. Oxford University Press. p. 285. ISBN 978-0-19-513599-2

[2] Richard Maxwell Eaton (1996). The Rise of Islam and the Bengal Frontier, 1204-1760. University of California Press. p. 166. ISBN 978-0-520-20507-9

[3] John Stratton Hawley (1994). Sati, the Blessing and the Curse: The Burning of Wives in India. Oxford University Press. p. 189. ISBN 978-0-19-536022-6

[harlan160-4] Lindsey Harlan (1992). Religion and Rajput Women: The Ethic of Protection in Contemporary Narratives. University of California Press. pp. 160 footnote 8. ISBN 978-0-520-07339-5 , Quote: "In this she resembles the sati who dies in jauhar. The jauhar sati dies before and while her husband fights what appears to be an unwinnable battle. By dying, she frees him from worry about her welfare and saves herself from the possible shame of rape by triumphant enemy forces."

[5] Arvind Sharma (1988), Sati: Historical and Phenomenological Essays, Motilal Banarsidass Publ, ISBN 9788120804647, page xi, 86

[6] Pratibha Jain, Saṅgītā Śarmā, Honour, status & polity

[7] Mandakranta Bose (2014), Faces of the Feminine in Ancient, Medieval, and Modern India, Oxford University Press, ISBN 978-0195352771, page 26

[maliseruthven-8] Malise Ruthven (2007), Fundamentalism: A Very Short Introduction, Oxford University Press, ISBN 978-0199212705, page 63;
John Stratton Hawley (1994), Sati, the Blessing and the Curse, Oxford University Press, ISBN 978-0195077742, page 165-166

[ReferenceA-9] Veena Oldenburg, A Comment to Ashis Nandy's "Sati as Profit versus Sati as Spectacle: The Public Debate on Roop Kanwar's Death," in Hawley, Sati the Blessing and the Curse: The Burning of Wives in India, page 165

[KaushikRoy182-10] Kaushik Roy (2012), Hinduism and the Ethics of Warfare in South Asia: From Antiquity to the Present, Cambridge University Press, ISBN 978-1107017368, pages 182-184

[claude58-11] Claude Markovits (2004). A History of Modern India, 1480-1950. Anthem Press. pp. 57–58. ISBN 978-1-84331-152-2

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