独立住民投票
表示
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![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Southern_Sudan_Referendum1.jpg/220px-Southern_Sudan_Referendum1.jpg)
独立住民投票(どくりつじゅうみんとうひょう)は、独立して主権国家になるべきかどうかを決めるための住民投票である。
過去の独立住民投票[編集]
Proposed state | Year | Proposed independence from | Majority for independence | Independence | Recognition of result | Notes |
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1817 | ![]() |
Yes | Yes | No | Unilaterally declared independence. |
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1846 | American Colonization Society | Yes | Yes | Yes | |
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1853 | Maryland State Colonization Society | Yes | Yes | Yes | |
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1905 | ![]() |
Yes | Yes | Yes | |
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1918 | ![]() |
Yes | Yes | Yes | |
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1933 | ![]() |
Yes | No | No | |
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1945 | ![]() |
Yes | Yes | Yes | |
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1945 | ![]() |
Yes | Yes | Yes | Initially recognized by the Republic of China, but recognition was abolished in 1953; recognized by the People's Republic of China. |
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1946 | ![]() |
Yes | No | No | Independence declaration annulled by Denmark. |
Newfoundland | 1948 | ![]() |
No | No | Yes | Integrated with Canada. |
Nagaland | 1951 | ![]() |
Yes | No | No | Unrecognized by the government of India.[1] |
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1955 | ![]() |
No | No | Yes | Integrated with West Germany. |
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1958 | No | No | Yes | Referendum on a new French constitution. A no vote would have led to independence. | |
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1958 | No | No | Yes | ||
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1958 | No | No | Yes | ||
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1958 | No | No | Yes | ||
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1958 | No | No | Yes | ||
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1958 | No | No | Yes | ||
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1958 | No | No | Yes | ||
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1958 | No | No | Yes | ||
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1958 | No | No | Yes | ||
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1958 | Yes | Yes | Yes | ||
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1958 | No | No | Yes | ||
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1958 | No | No | Yes | ||
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1958 | No | No | Yes | ||
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1958 | No | No | Yes | ||
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1958 | No | No | Yes | ||
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1958 | No | No | Yes | ||
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1958 | No | No | Yes | ||
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1958 | No | No | Yes | ||
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1958 | No | No | Yes | ||
Western Samoa | 1961 | ![]() |
Yes | Yes | Yes | |
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1962 | ![]() |
Yes | Yes | Yes | |
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1964 | ![]() |
Yes | Yes | Yes | |
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1964 | Yes | De facto | No | Unilaterally declared independence. | |
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1967 | ![]() |
No | No | Yes | |
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1967 | ![]() |
No | No | Yes | |
西パプア | 1969 | ![]() |
No | No | Yes | |
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1969 | ![]() |
No | No | Yes | |
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1970 | ![]() |
Yes | Yes | Yes | |
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1974 | ![]() |
Majority for associated status | Associated status achieved | Yes | Became an associated state of New Zealand. |
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1974 | ![]() |
Yes | Yes | Yes | マヨットはフランスに残った。 |
Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands | 1975 | ![]() |
No | No | Yes | |
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1976 | No | No | Yes | ||
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1977 | ![]() |
Yes | No | Yes | Independence plans dropped in 1994. |
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1977 | ![]() |
Yes | Yes | Yes | |
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1977 | ![]() |
Yes | No | No | Unofficial referendum to become independent from Saint Christopher-Nevis-Anguilla and attain Crown colony status within the British Empire. Unrecognized by the central government. |
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1980 | ![]() |
No | No | Yes | |
Ciskei | 1980 | ![]() |
Yes | De facto | 部分的 | Recognized by South Africa; not by the international community. |
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1982 | ![]() |
No | No | Yes | |
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1983 | Yes | Yes | Yes | Became an associated state of the United States. | |
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1983 | No | No | Yes | ||
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1983 | No | No | Yes | Became an associated state of the United States. | |
1984 | No | No | Yes | |||
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1984 | ![]() |
No | No | Yes | |
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1986 | ![]() |
No | No | Yes | |
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1987 | ![]() |
No | No | Yes | |
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1990 | ![]() |
Yes | Yes | Yes | 一方的に独立を宣言 |
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1991 | ![]() |
Yes | Yes | Yes | |
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1991 | Yes | Yes | Yes | ||
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1991 | ![]() |
Yes | Yes | Yes | 一方的に独立を宣言 |
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1991 | ![]() |
Yes | Yes | Yes | |
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1991 | Yes | Yes | Yes | ||
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1991 | ![]() |
Yes | No | No | アルバニアのみ承認 |
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1991 | ![]() |
Yes | Yes | Yes | |
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1991 | Yes | Yes | Yes | ||
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1991 | ![]() |
Yes | Yes | Yes | |
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1991 | ![]() |
Yes | De facto | No | 一方的に独立を宣言 |
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1991 | Yes | Yes | Yes | ||
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1991 | Yes | De facto | No | 一方的に独立を宣言 | |
Gagauz Republic | 1991 | Yes | De facto[2] | No | Unilaterally separated from Moldova; reintegrated into the country in 1995. | |
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1991 | Yes | Yes | Yes | ||
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1991 | Yes | Yes | Yes | ||
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1992 | ![]() |
Yes | Yes | Yes | 一方的に独立を宣言 |
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1992 | No | No | Yes | 2006年にセルビア・モンテネグロから分離 | |
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1992 | ![]() |
Yes | De facto | No | 一方的に独立を宣言 |
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1992 | ![]() |
Yes | Yes | No | Reintegrated with Russia in 1994. |
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1993 | ![]() |
Yes | Yes | Yes | |
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1993 | ![]() |
No | No | Yes | |
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1993 | No | No | Yes | ||
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1993 | ![]() |
No | No | Yes | |
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1994 | No | No | Yes | ||
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1994 | No | No | Yes | ||
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1994 | No | No | Yes | ||
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1994 | No | No | Yes | ||
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1995 | ![]() |
No | No | Yes | |
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1995 | ![]() |
No | No | Yes | |
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1995[3] | ![]() |
Yes | No | No | Regarded as a micronation. |
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1997 | ![]() |
Yes | De facto | No | Reintegrated with the Comoros in 2001. |
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1998 | ![]() |
Yes | No | Yes | 2/3 majority was required for independence. |
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1998 | ![]() |
No | No | Yes | |
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1999 | ![]() |
Yes | Yes | Yes | |
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2000 | ![]() |
No | No | Yes | |
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2001 | ![]() |
Yes | De facto | No | |
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2004 | ![]() |
No | No | Yes | |
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2004 | No | No | Yes | ||
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2005 | ![]() |
Yes | No | No | |
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2005 | ![]() |
No | No | Yes | |
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2005 | No | No | Yes | ||
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2006 | ![]() |
Yes | Yes | Yes | |
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2006 | ![]() |
Yes | De facto | No | |
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2006 | ![]() |
Yes | De facto | No | |
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2006 | ![]() |
Majority for associated status but Quorum not reached |
Associated status not achieved | Yes | The referendum was on whether Tokelau should become an associated state of New Zealand. 2/3 majority was required. |
2007 | Majority for associated status but Quorum not reached |
Associated status not achieved | Yes | |||
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2009-2010 | ![]() |
Yes | No | No | Unofficial referendum. Unrecognized by the government of Sri Lanka. |
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2011 | ![]() |
Yes[4] | Yes | Yes | |
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2012 | ![]() |
No | No | Yes | |
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2014 | ![]() |
Yes[5] | De facto[6] | No | Unilaterally declared independence. |
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2014 | Yes[5] | De facto[6] | No | Unilaterally declared independence. | |
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2014 | ![]() |
Yes | No | No | Unofficial referendum. Unrecognized by the government of Italy. |
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2014 | ![]() |
No | No | Yes | |
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2014 | ![]() |
Yes | No | No | |
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2014 | ![]() |
No | No | Yes | |
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2016 | ![]() |
Yes | No | No | Unofficial referendum. Unrecognized by the government of Brazil. |
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2017 | ![]() |
No | No | Yes | |
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2017 | ![]() |
Yes | No[7] | No | The referendum also took place in the disputed territories of Northern Iraq. |
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2017 | ![]() |
Yes | No[8] | No | 一方的に独立宣言を行ったが、スペイン政府に無効化された。[9] |
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2017 | ![]() |
Yes | No | No | Unofficial referendum. Unrecognized by the government of Brazil. |
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2018 | ![]() |
No | No | Yes | |
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2019 | ![]() |
Yes | Subject to negotiation[10] | Yes | Nonbinding vote.[11] Independence rests with Papua New Guinea's parliament.[12] |
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2020 | ![]() |
No | No[13] | Yes | |
2021 | No | No | Yes | 独立派のボイコットがあった。[14] |
脚注[編集]
- ^ Walling, A. Wati; Agrawal, Ankush; Phom, B. Henshet (1 January 2018) (英語). Democracy In Nagaland: Tribes, Traditions, and Tensions.. Highlander Press. ISBN 9780692070314
- ^ Marcin Kosienkowski (2017) The Gagauz Republic: An Autonomism-Driven De Facto State The Soviet and Post-Soviet Review, volume 44, no. 3, pp292–313
- ^ Roth, Christopher F. (March 2015). Let's Split! A Complete Guide to Separatist Movements and Aspirant Nations, from Abkhazia to Zanzibar. Litwin Books, LLC. p. 90 . "In 1995, Giorgio held a referendum, with Seborgans opting for independence 304-4."
- ^ South Sudan backs independence – results
- ^ a b “In eastern Ukraine, polls close amid allegations of double-voting - CNN.com”. CNN (2014年5月11日). 2014年9月30日閲覧。
- ^ a b “Russia Praises Ukraine's Autonomy Law for Rebel Areas”. WSJ (2014年9月17日). 2014年9月30日閲覧。
- ^ “Iraqi Kurds offer to 'freeze' independence referendum result”. BBC. (2017年10月25日) 2017年10月27日閲覧。
- ^ Catalonia independence: Spain takes charge of Catalan government BBC News, 28 October 2017
- ^ Suspendida la declaración de independencia de Cataluña (スペイン語)
- ^ Lyons, Kate (2019年12月10日). “Bougainville referendum: region votes overwhelmingly for independence from Papua New Guinea”. The Guardian 2019年12月11日閲覧。
- ^ “Bougainville referendum not binding - PM” (英語). Radio New Zealand (2019年3月11日). 2019年3月18日閲覧。
- ^ “Bougainville independence: recalling promises of international help”. The Interpreter (2021年11月19日). 2021年12月3日閲覧。
- ^ Sartre, Julien; Doherty, Ben (2020年10月4日). “New Caledonia rejects independence from France for second time” (英語). The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077 2020年10月4日閲覧。
- ^ “New Caledonia pro-independence parties reject referendum result”. Al Jazeera (2021年12月13日). 2021年12月14日閲覧。
参考文献[編集]
- Harguindéguy, J.-B., Sánchez, E. S., & Sánchez, A. S. (2021). "Why do central states accept holding independence referendums? Analyzing the role of state peripheries." Electoral Studies.
- Juve J. Cortés Rivera (2020) "Creating new states: the strategic use of referendums in secession movements." Territory, Politics, Governance