エリオット・カーター

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エリオット・カーター（Elliott Carter, 1908年 12月11日 - ）は、アメリカの現代音楽の作曲家。

[編集] 略歴

チャールズ・アイヴズに推薦状を書いてもらい、大学に入学（cf.カイル・ガン）。ハーヴァード大学でウォルター・ピストンに師事し、その後、パリでナディア・ブーランジェに学ぶ。作風は新古典主義から12音技法へと推移し、「リズミックモジュレーション」や「ピッチクラスセット理論」といった概念を打ち出して個性を確立する。『オーケストラのための変奏曲』、及び『弦楽四重奏曲第3番』でピューリッツァー賞を受賞。1970年代末にはピエール・ブーレーズが評価して、ヨーロッパ方面からの認知が進む。

100歳を超えた現在でも現役の作曲家として活躍している。

[編集] 作風

初期の作風はバレエ音楽『ポカホンタス』などに見られるように新古典主義的であったが、『ピアノソナタ』やバレエ音楽『ミノタウルス』を経て、『チェロ・ソナタ』などでリズミックモジュレーションを駆使し始めてからは、作品は調性を離れつつリズムが複雑になっていく^[1]。リズミックモジュレーションとは、拍子の法則外の非合理的な音価を用いてテンポを次第に変化させていく技法で、リズムを柔軟に扱える一方で楽譜は次第に複雑化する。弦楽四重奏のような古典的なメディアですら対位的な処理が煩雑化し、『ピアノ協奏曲』で複雑性が頂点に達した。

また、ピッチクラスセット理論を駆使してハーモニーの可能性を探った。この点については「ハーモニーブック」に詳しい。ピッチクラスセット理論の集中的な使用は『ピアノ協奏曲』から始まる。また、素材音高音列を積極的導入していた。

100歳を過ぎてからは、今までに書いたことの無かった編成への挑戦も見られる（作品表を参照）。

[編集] 主要作品

[編集] Ballet

Pocahontas (1938–39)
The Minotaur (1947)

[編集] Chamber

Canonic Suite for saxophone quartet (AAAA) (1939)
Elegy for viola and piano (1943)
Piano Sonata (1945–46)
Cello Sonata (1948)
Woodwind Quintet (1948)
Eight Etudes and a Fantasy for wind quartet (1949)
String Quartet No. 1 (1951)
Sonata for flute, oboe, cello, and harpsichord (1952)
String Quartet No. 2 (1959)
Canon for 3 (1971)
String Quartet No. 3 (1971)
Brass Quintet (1974)
Duo for violin and piano (1974)
Birthday Fanfare for three trumpets, vibraphone, and glockenspiel (1978)
Triple Duo (1983)
Esprit rude/esprit doux for flute and clarinet (1984)
Canon for 4 (1984)
String Quartet No. 4 (1986)
Enchanted Prelude for flute and cello (1988)
Con leggerezza pensosa for clarinet, violin, and cello (1990)
Quintet for piano and winds (1991)
Trilogy for oboe and harp (1992)

Bariolage for harp
Inner Song for oboe
Immer Neu for oboe and harp

Esprit rude/esprit doux II for flute, clarinet, and marimba (1994)
Fragment I for string quartet (1994)
String Quartet No.5 (1995)
Luimen for ensemble (1997)
Quintet for piano and string quartet (1997)
Fragment II for string quartet (1999)
Oboe Quartet, for oboe, violin, viola, and cello (2001)
Hiyoku for two clarinets (2001)
Au Quai for bassoon and viola (2002)
Call for two trumpets and horn (2003)
Clarinet Quintet (2007)
Tinntinabulation for percussion sextet (2008)
Tre Duetti for violin and cello (2008, 2009)

Duettone
Adagio
Duettino

Trije glasbeniki for flute, bass clarinet, and harp (2011)

[編集] Choral

Tarantella for men's chorus and two pianos (1937)
Let's Be Gay for women's chorus and two pianos (1937)
Harvest Home for a capella choir (1937)
To Music for a capella choir (1937)
Heart Not So Heavy for a capella choir (1939)
The Defense of Corinth for speaker, men's chorus and two pianos (1941)
The Harmony of Morning for women's chorus and chamber orchestra (1944)
Musicians Wrestle Everywhere for a capella choir (1945)
Emblems for men's chorus and piano (1947)

[編集] Concertante

Double Concerto for piano, harpsichord and 2 chamber orchestras (1959–61)
Piano Concerto (1964)
Concerto for Orchestra (1969)
Oboe Concerto (1986–1987)
Violin Concerto (1989)
Clarinet Concerto (1996)
Cello Concerto (2001)
Boston Concerto (2002)
Dialogues for piano and chamber orchestra (2003)
Mosaic for harp and ensemble (2004)
Horn Concerto (2007)
Flute Concerto (2008)
Concertino for bass clarinet and chamber orchestra (2009)
Conversations for piano, percussion, and chamber/full orchestra (2010)

[編集] Large ensemble

Penthode for ensemble (1985)
ASKO Concerto for sixteen players (2000)
Réflexions for ensemble (2004)
Wind Rose for wind ensemble (2008)

[編集] Opera

What Next? (opera in one act) (1997)

[編集] Orchestra

Symphony No. 1 (1942, revised 1954)
Holiday Overture (1944, revised 1961)
Variations for orchestra (1954–1955)
A Symphony of Three Orchestras (1976)
Three Occasions for orchestra (1986–89)

A Celebration of Some 150x100 Notes
Remembrance
Anniversary

Symphonia: Sum fluxae pretium spei (1993–96)

Partita
Adagio Tenebroso
Allegro Scorrevole

Three Illusions for orchestra (2002–04)

Micomicón
Fons Juventatis
More's Utopia

Soundings for piano and orchestra (2005)
Interventions for piano and orchestra (2007)
Sound Fields for string orchestra (2007)

[編集] Solo instrumental

Piano Sonata (1945–46)
Eight Pieces for Four Timpani (1949/66)
Night Fantasies for piano (1980)
Changes for guitar (1983)
Scrivo in Vento for flute (1991)
Gra for clarinet (1994)
90+ for piano (1994)
Figment for cello (1994)
A 6-letter Letter for English horn (1996)
Shard for guitar (1997)
Two Diversions for piano (1999)
Four Lauds for solo violin (1999, 1984, 2000, 1999)

I. Statement – Remembering Aaron
II. Riconoscenza per Goffredo Petrassi
III. Rhapsodic Musings
IV. Fantasy – Remembering Roger

Retrouvailles for piano (2000)
Figment II for cello (2001)
Steep Steps for bass clarinet (2001)
Retracing for bassoon (2002)
Intermittences for piano (2005)
Catenaires for piano (2006)
HBHH for oboe (2007)
Figment III for contrabass (2007)
Figment IV for viola (2007)
Matribute for piano (2007)
Figment V for marimba (2009)
Retracing II for horn (2009)
Retracing III for trumpet (2009)

[編集] Voice

My Love Is in a Light Attire for voice and piano (1928)
Tell Me Where Is Fancy Bred for voice and guitar (1938)
A Mirror on Which to Dwell for soprano and ensemble (1975)
Syringa for mezzo-soprano, bass-baritone, guitar, and ensemble (1978)
Three Poems of Robert Frost for baritone and ensemble (1942, orchestrated 1980)
In Sleep, in Thunder for tenor and ensemble (1981)
Of Challenge and of Love for soprano and piano (1994)
Tempo e Tempi for soprano, oboe, clarinet, violin, and cello (1998–99)
Of Rewaking for mezzo-soprano and orchestra (2002)
In the Distances of Sleep for mezzo-soprano and chamber orchestra (2006)
Mad Regales for six solo voices (2007)
La Musique for solo voice (2007)
Poems of Louis Zukofsky (2008) for mezzo-soprano and clarinet
On Conversing with Paradise (2008) for baritone and chamber orchestra
What Are Years (2009) for soprano and chamber orchestra
A Sunbeam's Architecture (2010) for tenor and chamber orchestra
Three Explorations (2011) for bass-baritone, winds, and brass

[編集] 脚注

^ 『ラルース世界音楽事典』（福武書店、1989年）、「カーター」の項目を参照。

[0] 『ラルース世界音楽事典』（福武書店、1989年）、「カーター」の項目を参照。

[1]