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グルジア王国
საქართველოს სამეფო
← アブハジア王国
← タオ・クラルジェティ 		1008年 - 1490年 イメレティ王国 →
カヘティ王国 →
カルトリ王国 (1484年-1762年) →
グルジア王国の国旗
（国旗）
グルジア王国の位置
公用語 グルジア語
首都 クタイシ（1008年 - 1122年）
トビリシ（1122年 - 1490年）
国王
978年 - 1014年 バグラト3世
1446年 - 1465年ギオルギ8世
変遷
建国（グルジア統一） 1008年
モンゴル統治1238年 - 1335年
崩壊1490年

グルジア王国（グルジア語: საქართველოს სამეფო）は、1008年ごろに成立した中世の王国。グルジア帝国とも[1][2][3][4]。11世紀から13世紀にかけて、ダヴィド4世とタマル女王の治世の下、黄金時代を現出した。その最盛期には今日のウクライナ南部とイラン北部までを版図に収め、アトス山とエルサレムに修道院を保持した。住民の多くはグルジア語を話す正教徒であり、現代のグルジアの前身となった。

13世紀、王国はモンゴルの侵攻に晒されたが、1340年代に再独立した。しかし、その後も遊牧民がもたらした黒死病とティムールの数回にわたる侵攻に悩まされ、王国の人口は減少、経済は大打撃を受けた。さらに1453年、コンスタンティノープルの陥落により王国の古くからの同盟国である東ローマ帝国が滅亡した。15世紀末までに王国はテュルク系民族とイラン系民族の国に囲まれ、キリスト教のグルジア王国は孤立した。1386年にティムールの侵攻がはじまり、最終的に1466年の王国崩壊をもたらした。無政府状態はその後、1490年にイメレティ王国（英語版）、カヘティ王国（英語版）、カルトリ王国が独立を相互承認するまで続いた。グルジアの再統一は1762年にカルトリ王国とカヘティ王国が統合され、カルトリ・カヘティ王国が成立するまで待たなければならない。カルトリ・カヘティ王国はさらに18世紀、ロシア帝国に併合された。

起源

The ascendancy of the Bagrationi dynasty can be traced to the 8th century, when they came to rule Tao-Klarjeti. The restoration of the Georgian kingship begins in AD 888, when Adarnase IV of Iberia took the title of "King of Georgians". The United Kingdom of Georgia was established in 1008. In this year Bagrat III, son of Gurgen II, became the ruler of the Kingdom of Western Georgia (Kingdom of Abkhazeti), including the Principalities of Imereti, Samegrelo, Abkhazeti (Abkhazia), Guria and Svaneti. Bagrat's mother was Queen Gurandukht, a daughter of George II of Abkhazia.

黄金時代

詳細は「グルジア黄金時代」を参照

The Kingdom of Georgia brought about the Georgian Golden Age, which describes a historical period in the High Middle Ages, spanning from roughly the late 11th to 13th centuries, when the kingdom reached the zenith of its power and development. The period saw the flourishing of medieval Georgian architecture, painting and poetry, which was frequently expressed in the development of ecclesiastic art, as well as the creation of first major works of secular literature. It was a period of military, political, economical and cultural progress. It also included the so-called Georgian Renaissance (also called Eastern Renaissance[5]), during which various human activities, forms of craftsmanship and art, such as literature, philosophy and architecture thrived in the kingdom.[6]

ダヴィド4世

シオ・ムグヴィメリ修道院（英語版）のフレスコに描かれたダヴィド4世

The Golden Age began with the reign of David IV ("the builder" or "the great"), the son of George II and Queen Helena, who assumed the throne at the age of 16 in a period of Great Turkish Invasions. As he came of age under the guidance of his court minister, George of Chqondidi, David IV suppressed dissent of feudal lords and centralized the power in his hands to effectively deal with foreign threats. In 1121, he decisively defeated much larger Turkish armies during the Battle of Didgori, with fleeing Seljuq Turks being run down by pursuing Georgian cavalry for several days. A huge amount of booty and prisoners were captured by David's army, which had also secured Tbilisi and inaugurated a new era of revival.[7]

ユネスコが登録した文化遺産であるゲラティ修道院

To highlight his country's higher status, he became the first Georgian king to reject the highly respected titles bestowed by the Eastern Roman Empire, Georgia’s longtime ally, indicating that Georgia would deal with its powerful friend only on a parity basis. Due to close family ties between Georgian and Byzantine royalty - Princess Martha of Georgia, aunt of David IV, was once a Byzantine Empress Consort - by 11th century as many as 16 Georgian ruling princes and kings had held Byzantine titles, David becoming the last one to do so.[8]

David IV made particular emphasis on removing the vestiges of unwanted eastern influences, which the Georgians considered forced, in favor of the traditional Christian and Byzantine overtones. As part of this effort he founded the Gelati Monastery, a UNESCO World Heritage Site, which became an important center of scholarship in the Eastern Orthodox Christian world of that time.

David also played a personal role in reviving Georgian religious hymnography, composing the Hymns of Repentance (グルジア語: გალობანი სინანულისანი, galobani sinanulisani), a sequence of eight free-verse psalms. In this emotional repentance of his sins, David sees himself as reincarnating the Biblical David, with a similar relationship to God and to his people. His hymns also share the idealistic zeal of the contemporaneous European crusaders to whom David was a natural ally in his struggle against the Seljuks.[9]

デメトリオス1世とギオルギ3世の治世

キンツヴィシ修道院（英語版）所蔵の「キンツヴィシの大天使」。絵に使われたウルトラマリンは貴重なもので、グルジア王国の繁栄を象徴する

The kingdom continued to flourish under Demetrius I, the son of David. Although his reign saw a disruptive family conflict related to royal succession, Georgia remained a centralized power with a strong military, with several decisive victories against the Muslims in Ganja, gates of which were captured by Demetrius and moved as a trophy to Gelati.

A talented poet, Demetrius also continued his father's contributions to Georgia's religious polyphony. The most famous of his hymns is Thou Art a Vineyard, which is dedicated to Virgin Mary, the patron saint of Georgia, and is still sung in Georgia's churches 900 years after its creation.

Demetrius was succeeded by his son George in 1156, beginning a stage of more offensive foreign policy. The same year he ascended to the throne, George launched a successful campaign against the Seljuq sultanate of Ahlat. He freed the important Armenian town of Dvin from Turkish vassalage and was thus welcomed as a liberator in the area. George also continued the process of intermingling Georgian royalty with the highest ranks of the Eastern Roman Empire, testament of which is the marriage of his daughter Rusudan to Manuel Komnenos, the son of Emperor Andronikos I Komnenos.

タマル女王の治世

The successes of his predecessors were built upon by Queen Tamar, daughter of George III, who became the first female ruler of Georgia in her own right and under whose leadership the Georgian state reached the zenith of power and prestige in the Middle Ages. She not only shielded much of her Empire from further Turkish onslaught but successfully pacified internal tensions, including a coup organized by her Russian husband Yury Bogolyubsky, prince of Novgorod. Additionally, she pursued policies that were considered very enlightened for her time period, such as abolishing state-sanctioned death penalty and torture.[10]

タマル女王の治世、王国は国外での修道院建設を推進した。画像はアトス山のイヴィロン修道院（英語版）

Among the remarkable events of Tamar's reign was the foundation of the empire of Trebizond on the Black Sea in 1204. This state was established in the northeast of the crumbling Byzantine Empire with the help of the Georgian armies, which supported Alexios I of Trebizond and his brother, David Komnenos, both of whom were Tamar's relatives.[11] Alexios and David were fugitive Byzantine princes raised at the Georgian court. According to Tamar's historian, the aim of the Georgian expedition to Trebizond was to punish the Byzantine emperor Alexius IV Angelus for his confiscation of a shipment of money from the Georgian queen to the monasteries of Antioch and Mount Athos. Tamar's Pontic endeavor can also be explained by her desire to take advantage of the Western European Fourth Crusade against Constantinople to set up a friendly state in Georgia's immediate southwestern neighborhood, as well as by the dynastic solidarity to the dispossessed Comnenoi.[12][13]

The country's power had grown to such extent that in the later years of Tamar's rule, the Kingdom was primarily concerned with the protection of the Georgian monastic centers in the Holy Land, eight of which were listed in Jerusalem.[14] Saladin's biographer Bahā' ad-Dīn ibn Šaddād reports that, after the Ayyubid conquest of Jerusalem in 1187, Tamar sent envoys to the sultan to request that the confiscated possessions of the Georgian monasteries in Jerusalem be returned. Saladin's response is not recorded, but the queen's efforts seem to have been successful.[15] Ibn Šaddād furthermore claims that Tamar outbid the Byzantine emperor in her efforts to obtain the relics of the True Cross, offering 200,000 gold pieces to Saladin who had taken the relics as booty at the battle of Hattin – to no avail, however.[16]

Jacques de Vitry, the Patriarch of Jerusalem at that time wrote:[17]

「 There is also in the East another Christian people, who are very warlike and valiant in battle, being strong in body and powerful in the countless numbers of their warriors...Being entirely surrounded by infidel nations...these men are called Georgians, because they especially revere and worship St. George...Whenever they come on pilgrimage to the Lord's Sepulchre, they march into the Holy City...without paying tribute to anyone, for the Saracens dare in no wise molest them... 」

遊牧民の侵攻とグルジアの衰退

詳細は「モンゴルのグルジア侵攻」を参照

Around the time when Mongols invaded Slavic northeast of Europe, the nomadic hordes simultaneously pushed down south to Georgia. George IV, son of Queen Tamara, put aside his preparations in support of the Fourth Crusade and concentrated on fighting the invaders, but the Mongol onslaught was too strong to overcome. Georgians suffered heavy losses in the war and the king himself was severely wounded. As a result, George became handicapped and died prematurely at the age of 31.

モンゴルの支配にもかかわらず、グルジア文化の開花は続いた。画像はウビシのフレスコ。

George's sister Rusudan assumed the throne but she was too inexperienced and her country too weakened to push out the nomads. In 1236 a prominent Mongol commander Chormaqan led a massive army against Georgia and its vassals, forcing Queen Rusudan to flee to the west, leaving eastern Georgia in the hands of noblemen who eventually made peace with the Mongols and agreed to pay tribute; those who resisted were subject to complete annihilation. The Mongol armies chose not to cross the natural barrier of Likhi Range in pursuit of the Georgian Queen, sparing western Georgia of the widespread rampages. Later, Rusudan attempted to gain support from Pope Gregory IX, but without any success. In 1243, Georgia was finally forced to acknowledge the Great Khan as its overlord.

Perhaps no Mongol invasion devastated Georgia as much as the decades of anti-Mongol struggle that took place in the country. The first anti-Mongol uprising started in 1259 under the leadership of David VI and lasted for almost thirty years. The anti-Mongol strife continued without much success under Kings Demetrius the Self-Sacrificer, who was executed by the Mongols, and David VIII.

Georgia finally saw a period of revival unknown since the Mongol invasions under King George V the Brilliant. A far-sighted monarch, George V managed to play on the decline of the Ilkhanate, stopped paying tribute to the Mongols, restored the pre-1220 state borders of Georgia, and returned the Empire of Trebizond into Georgia's sphere of influence. Under him, Georgia established close international commercial ties, mainly with the Byzantine Empire - to which George V had family ties - but also with the great European maritime republics, Genoa and Venice. George V also achieved the restoration of several Georgian monasteries in Jerusalem to the Georgian Orthodox Church and gained free passage for Georgian pilgrims to the Holy Land. The widespread use of the Jerusalem cross in Medieval Georgia - an inspiration for the modern national flag of Georgia - is thought to date to the reign of George V.[18]

黒死病

詳細は「ペスト」を参照

グルジアの政治的と軍事的衰退の原因は黒死病と言われている。黒死病は1336年、ギオルギ5世が南西グルジアを遠征し、オルハンの侵攻を撃退したときにもたらされた。この疫病はグルジアの人口の半分近くを死亡させたという[19][20]。これにより、帝国の軍事力は衰退、物流も大きく阻害された。

王国の解体

詳細は「ティムールのグルジア侵攻」を参照

ギオルギ5世の治世（1299年 - 1302年、1314年 - 1346年）では王国がモンゴルの侵攻から回復し、再び繁栄するように思えたが、1386年から1403年まで8回を数えるティムールの侵攻は王国に大打撃を与えた。最終的に王国は1490年に崩壊、イメレティ王国（英語版）（西グルジア）、カヘティ王国（英語版）（東グルジア）、カルトリ王国（グルジア中部から東部にかけて）に分裂し、バグラティオニ朝（英語版）の分家にあたる王族がそれぞれの王位についた。王国の残りの領地は5つの公国にわかれ、グルジアの貴族が公に即位した。

出典・注釈

  1. ^ Chufrin, Gennadiĭ Illarionovich (2001). The Security of the Caspian Sea Region. Stockholm, Sweden: Oxford University Press. p. 282. ISBN 0199250200. https://books.google.ge/books?id=UrSJl5rjdbkC 
  2. ^ Waters, Christopher P. M. (2013). Counsel in the Caucasus: Professionalization and Law in Georgia. New York City, USA: Springer. p. 24. ISBN 9401756201. https://books.google.ge/books?id=YX3wCAAAQBAJ 
  3. ^ Suny, Ronald Grigor (1994). The Making of the Georgian Nation. Bloomington, IN, USA: Indiana University Press. p. 87. ISBN 0253209153. https://books.google.ge/books?id=riW0kKzat2sC 
  4. ^ Ronald G. Suny (1996) Armenia, Azerbaijan, and Georgia DIANE Publishing pp. 157-158-160-182
  5. ^ Brisku, Adrian (2013). Bittersweet Europe: Albanian and Georgian Discourses on Europe, 1878-2008. NY, USA: Berghahn Books. p. 134. ISBN 0857459856. https://books.google.ge/books?id=1TPUAAAAQBAJ 
  6. ^ van der Zweerde, Evert (2013). Soviet Historiography of Philosophy: Istoriko-Filosofskaja Nauka. Berlin, Germany: Springer Science & Business Media. p. 140. ISBN 9401589437. https://books.google.ge/books?id=G959BwAAQBAJ 
  7. ^ （グルジア語） Javakhishvili, Ivane (1982), k'art'veli eris istoria (The History of the Georgian Nation), vol. 2, pp. 184-187. Tbilisi State University Press.
  8. ^ Cyril Toumanoff. Studies in Christian Caucasian history. Georgetown University Press, 1963. p 202
  9. ^ Donald Rayfield, "Davit II", in: Robert B. Pynsent, S. I. Kanikova (1993), Reader's Encyclopedia of Eastern European Literature, p. 82. HarperCollins, ISBN 0-06-270007-3.
  10. ^ Machitadze, Zacharia. Mirianashvili, Lado. Lives of the Georgian Saints. St. Herman of Alaska Brotherhood: 2006, p. 167
  11. ^ Tamar's paternal aunt was the Comnenoi's grandmother on their father’s side, as it has been conjectured by Cyril Toumanoff(1940).
  12. ^ Eastmond (1998), pp. 153–154.
  13. ^ Vasiliev (1935), pp. 15–19.
  14. ^ Antony Eastmond. Royal Imagery in Medieval Georgia. Penn State Press, 1998. p. 122
  15. ^ Pahlitzsch, Johannes, "Georgians and Greeks in Jerusalem (1099–1310)", in Ciggaar & Herman (1996), pp. 38–39.
  16. ^ Antony Eastmond. Royal Imagery in Medieval Georgia. Penn State Press, 1998. p. 122-123
  17. ^ David Marshall Land. The Lives and Legends of the Georgian Saints. London: Allen & Unwin, 1976, p. 11
  18. ^ D. Kldiashvili, History of the Georgian Heraldry, Parlamentis utskebani, 1997, p. 35.
  19. ^ IBP, Inc. (2012). Georgia Country Study Guide Volume 1 Strategic Information and Developments. Lulu.com. p. 44. ISBN 1438774435. https://books.google.ge/books?id=hQWWBQAAQBAJ 
  20. ^ West, Barbara A. (2010). Encyclopedia of the Peoples of Asia and Oceania. New York City, NY, USA: Infobase Publishing. p. 229. ISBN 1438119135. https://books.google.ge/books?id=pCiNqFj3MQsC 

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