利用者:Well Pled

インドネシアとマレーシアの対立 the Formation of Malaysia and Cold War in Asia中 A British soldier is winched up by a Westland Wessex helicopter during an operation in Borneo 時 20 January 1963 – 11 August 1966 (3年6ヶ月3週1日間) 場所 Malay Peninsula, Borneo 発端 Formation of Malaysia 結果 Commonwealth victory Indonesia accepts formation of Malaysia Sukarno was replaced by Suharto following G30S coup attempt Communist insurgency in Sarawak continues until 1990 衝突した勢力 Commonwealth of Nations  マレーシア Singapore  イギリス  オーストラリア  ニュージーランド  ブルネイ Supported by: Canada  アメリカ  インドネシア Aligned parties: PKI NKCP PGRS Paraku PRB TNKU Supported by:  中国  フィリピン  ソビエト連邦  北ベトナム 指揮官 Tuanku Syed Putra Ismail Nasiruddin Tunku Abdul Rahman Abdul Razak Hussein Tunku Osman Mustapha Harun S. K. Ningkan Yusof Ishak Lee Kuan Yew Omar Ali Saifuddien III Harold Macmillan Alec Douglas-Home Harold Wilson Rodney Moore Walter Walker Sukarno Omar Dani Ahmad Yani Eddy Martadinata Abdul Haris Nasution Suharto D. N. Aidit  Bong Kee Chok A. M. Azahari Yassin Affandi 被害者数 Total: 248 killed 180 wounded 140 killed 43 wounded 23 killed 8 wounded 12 killed 7 wounded 9 killed several wounded Gurkhas 44 killed 83 wounded Rest: 29 killed 38 wounded Total: 590 killed 222 wounded 771 captured Civilian casualties 36 killed 53 wounded 4 taken prisoner

Template:Campaignbox Indonesia–Malaysia confrontation

インドネシアとマレーシアの対立またはボルネオの対立（インドネシア語/マレー語の名前であるとも呼ばれる）は、1963 年から1966 年ま konfrontasi での武力紛争であり、インドネシアがマレーシア連邦の創設に反対したことに端を発しています。 1966 年にインドネシア大統領スカルノが解任された後、紛争は平和的に終結し、マレーシア国家が形成されました。

The creation of Malaysia was a merger of the Federation of Malaya (now Peninsular Malaysia), Singapore and the British crown colonies of North Borneo and Sarawak (collectively known as British Borneo, now East Malaysia) in September 1963. Vital precursors to the conflict included Indonesia's policy of confrontation against Netherlands New Guinea from March–August 1962 and the Brunei Revolt in December 1962. Malaysia had direct military support from Great Britain, Australia and New Zealand. Indonesia had indirect support from the USSR and China, thus making it an episode of the Cold War in Asia.

The conflict was an undeclared war with most of the action occurring in the border area between Indonesia and East Malaysia on the island of Borneo (known as Kalimantan in Indonesia). The conflict was characterised by restrained and isolated ground combat, set within tactics of low-level brinkmanship. Combat was usually conducted by company- or platoon-sized operations on either side of the border. Indonesia's campaign of infiltrations into Borneo sought to exploit the ethnic and religious diversity in Sabah and Sarawak compared to that of Malaya and Singapore, with the intent of unravelling the proposed state of Malaysia.

The jungle terrain of Borneo and lack of roads straddling the Malaysia–Indonesia border forced both Indonesian and Commonwealth forces to conduct long foot patrols. Both sides relied on light infantry operations and air transport, although Commonwealth forces enjoyed the advantage of better helicopter deployment and resupply to forward operating bases. Rivers were also used as a method of transport and infiltration. Although combat operations were primarily conducted by ground forces, airborne forces played a vital support role and naval forces ensured the security of the sea flanks. The British provided most of the defensive effort, although Malaysian forces steadily increased their contributions, and there were periodic contributions from Australian and New Zealand forces within the combined Far East Strategic Reserve stationed then in West Malaysia and Singapore.

Initial Indonesian attacks into East Malaysia relied heavily on local volunteers trained by the Indonesian Army. Over time, infiltration forces became more organised with the inclusion of a more substantial component of Indonesian forces. To deter and disrupt Indonesia's growing campaign of infiltrations, the British responded in 1964 by launching their own covert operations into Indonesian Kalimantan under the code name Operation Claret. Coinciding with Sukarno announcing a 'year of dangerous living' and the 1964 race riots in Singapore, Indonesia launched an expanded campaign of operations into West Malaysia on 17 August 1964, albeit without military success. A build-up of Indonesian forces on the Kalimantan border in December 1964 saw the UK commit significant forces from the UK-based Army Strategic Command and Australia and New Zealand deployed roulement combat forces from West Malaysia to Borneo in 1965–66. The intensity of the conflict began to subside following the coup d'etat of October 1965 and Sukarno's loss of power to General Suharto. A serious peace negotiations between Indonesia and Malaysia began on May 1966, and a final peace agreement was signed on 11 August 1966 with Indonesia formally recognising Malaysia.