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[[en:6mm PPC]] (01:25, 23 May 2017) を翻訳 from [[en:6mm PPC]] 01:25, 23 May 2017 |
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{{Infobox firearm cartridge |
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| name = 6mm PPC |
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| image = 6mm PPC.jpg | image_size = 300px |
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| caption = 6mm PPC |
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| origin = USA |
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| type = Rifle / Competition |
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<!-- Service history --> |
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| service = |
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| used_by = |
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| wars = |
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<!-- Production history --> |
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| designer = Lou Palmisano / Ferris Pindell |
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| design_date = 1975 |
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| manufacturer = |
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| production_date = |
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| number = |
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| variants = |
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<!-- Specifications --> |
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| is_SI_specs = |
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| parent = [[.220 Russian]] |
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| case_type = Rimless, bottleneck |
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| bullet = .2430 |
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| neck = .262 |
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| shoulder = .431 |
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| base = .441 |
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| rim_dia = .445 |
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| rim_thick = |
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| case_length = 1.515 |
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| length = 2.100 |
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| rifling = 1-14" |
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| primer = Small rifle |
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<!-- Ballistic performance --> |
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| is_SI_ballistics = |
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| bw1 = 60 |
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| btype1 = HP |
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| vel1 = 3300 |
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| en1 = 1452 |
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| bw2 = 70 |
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| btype2 = SX |
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| vel2 = 3250 |
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| en2 = 1641 |
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| bw3 = |
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| btype3 = |
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| vel3 = |
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| en3 = |
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| bw4 = |
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| btype4 = |
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| vel4 = |
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| en4 = |
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| test_barrel_length = 24" |
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| balsrc = Accurate Powder <ref name="accurate">{{cite web|url=http://www.accuratepowder.com/data/PerCaliber2Guide/Rifle/Standarddata(Rifle)/243Cal(6.17mm)/6mm%20PPC%20page%20202.pdf|title=6mm PPC data|work=Accurate Powder}}</ref> |
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}} |
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The '''6mm PPC''' (Palmisano & Pindel Cartridge), or '''6 PPC''' as it is more often called, is a [[Centerfire ammunition|centerfire]] rifle [[Cartridge (firearms)|cartridge]] used almost exclusively for [[benchrest shooting]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://hunting.about.com/od/guns/l/aasttopriflecar.htm|title=The 20th Century's Top Rifle Cartridge|last=Simpson|first=Layne|work=Shooting Times}}</ref> At distances out to 300 yards, it is one of the most accurate cartridges available.<ref>{{cite book|last=Schoby|first=Michael|title=Hunter's Guide to Whitetail Rifles|year=2007|publisher=Stackpole Books|isbn=978-0-8117-3359-5|page=18}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Shideler|first=Dan|title=Guns Illustrated 2011|year=2010|publisher=Gun Digest Books|isbn=978-1-4402-1392-2|page=140|quote=It's winning all its matches.}}</ref> This cartridge's accuracy is produced by a combination of its stout posture, being only {{convert|1.23|in}} long, and aggressive shoulder angle of 30 degrees compared to a [[.30-06 Springfield|30-06]]'s 17 degrees.<ref name="bolt_action_rifles">{{cite book|last=van Zwoll|first=Wayne|title=Bolt Action Rifles|year=2003|publisher=Krause Publications|isbn=978-0-87349-660-5|page=637}}</ref> Today it is commonly used for railgun shooting matches and has been since the 1980s |
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==Background== |
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The cartridge is a necked-up version of the [[.22 PPC]] which is in turn based on a [[.220 Russian]].<ref name="bolt_action_rifles"/> The standard bullet diameter for [[6 mm caliber]] cartridges is {{convert|.243|in|mm}}, the same diameter used in the [[.243 Winchester]] and [[6mm Remington]] cartridges. To obtain maximum accuracy, bullet weight and form are matched to the rifling [[Twist rate#Twist rate|twist rate]] of the barrel. Typically, {{convert|68|gr|sing=on}} bullets are used in barrels with twist rates of 1:13 (one twist for every 13" in the barrel), while 1:15 barrels can accommodate lighter {{convert|58|or|60|gr|sing=on}} accurately. The cartridge developed enough acceptance that rifles chambered for it are available commercially.<ref>{{cite book|last=Walter|first=John|title=Rifles of the World|year=2006|publisher=Krause Publications|isbn=978-0-89689-241-5|page=414}}</ref> |
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==Handloading== |
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{{how-to|date=August 2016}} |
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The parent cartridge for the 6PPC is the [[.220 Russian]], which in turn derives from the [[7.62×39mm]]. Brass can either be purchased, or [[wildcat cartridge|formed]] from .220 Russian brass (7.62×39mm can also be used, but .220 Russian brass is usually higher quality and thickness, since it is designed to operate at higher pressures). |
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During the early development accuracy experts noted that perfectly concentric thickness of the cartridge neck were beneficial in lining up bullet to the bore - a feature mostly lacking in commercially available brass of the time. Most 6PPC chamber reamers are ground with a tight neck section that requires removing some case neck material ("turning the necks") to create a cartridge with a concentric fit and consistent neck-to-chamber clearances which contribute to the 6PPCs accuracy. While the SAAMI specification for neck thickness in a 6mm cartridge is usually .272 inches, it is common to see 6PPCs with .262, .268, or .269 custom neck sizes, hence modern factory ammunition is not commonly produced for the 6PPC as it would be dangerous to shoot in these custom chambers. To help clarify this, factory guns and ammunition are usually specified as the "6PPC-USA" cartridge which has a CIP/SAAMI specification. To the Note that a neck expanded, "unturned" (thickness of neck reduced) and loaded 220 Russian case neck will almost always be larger in diameter than the 6PPC rifle's chamber neck; if so, Method One does not apply—see Method Two. It is important to understand the characteristics of one's chamber before starting. Use of a "chamber cast" using Brownell's CERROSAFE® CHAMBER CASTING ALLOY or equivalent is a good way to accomplish this. Alternatively, one can use a manufacturer's print of the chamber (usually very hard to obtain, except for European manufacturers) or a print of the reamer used to cut the rifle chamber. |
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Cartridge Case Preparation Method One: The .223 inch (5.56 mm) neck of the .220 Russian is expanded to .243 inches (6 mm) using a mandrel, then the headspace is set using a full length sizing die for 6mm PPC. Next the case is trimmed, reloaded, and [[Fire forming|fire formed]] by firing the round in the chamber of a 6mm PPC rifle. The shoulder of the .220 Russian case is blown forward to 30 deg and the case walls are straightened, allowing for greater powder capacity. Competitors will also turn their case neck walls to a uniform given thickness, so that a fully loaded cartridge's neck diameter is just a few thousands of an inch less than that of the chamber's neck. Recently, Lapua, [[Norma (company)|Norma]] and [[SAKO]] have begun making 6mm PPC brass. |
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Cartridge Case Preparation Method Two: Using the 220 Russian case, lubricate case and full length size in a 6PPC die with the expander button removed (it won't fit!) Insert a small PISTOL primer into the case to be converted (same size as small rifle primer.) Add a VERY STOUT quantity of a fast burning pistol propellant, such as Bullseye to the case—many other propellants will work, but it MUST be a fast burning pistol propellant. For this cartridge 16 grains of Bullseye works rather well. Melt some paraffin wax into the lid of a jar, and when it solidifies, turn the lid over and press it over the neck of the loaded blank cartridge, making a seal that will both keep the propellant in the case and provide a very modest resistance to the propellant when it is fired. Generously lubricate the case with "Imperial Sizing Die Wax" or some other VERY high quality case sizing lubricant (the serious benchrest shooters will only use Imperial.) Place the cartridge into the rifle and fire to "fireform" the case. The muzzle blast will be most impressive! Repeat for remaining cases, but don't allow barrel to overheat—if you can't hold the barrel in your hand, it is too hot, so slow down. When finished fireforming, clean rifle chamber to remove any hint of lubricant! Clean necks to remove lubricant and powder residue, then inside lubricate the necks with a Q Tip and Imperial Wax. Run cases thru a 6mm neck expander, which will be slightly oversized. Trim to length of 1.486" (this step may not be necessary.) Inside/outside chamfer the necks. Turn necks to a thickness that will allow, at BARE MINIMUM, 0.001" total clearance in the chamber for the loaded round (it helps to keep the neck turner in a pocket when not actually in use so that its temperature does not vary over the process; otherwise one can get considerable changes in the neck thickness due to heating and cooling of the "neck turner". Remember that we are working in increments of 0.0001" (ten thousandths of an inch) -- when one does the calculations, it is truly impressive how the dimensions of the neck turner can change over a 20 degree F range.) Lubricate the turner mandrel before each new case; again, Imperial is the optimal choice of lubricant. It is important when turning the necks to run the neck turner into the shoulder of the case a wee bit; if this is not done, one will experience the "Dreaded Doughnut" at the juncture of the neck to the rest of the case after the case is fired, and bullet seating can get very difficult. (Further, with a "doughnut", a loaded round with the projectile seated below doughnut can be larger in diameter than the chamber neck.) Lubricate the case again with Imperial wax. Full length size the case in a 6PPC die with the expander ball in place. Decap primer, clean primer pockets, remove case lube and you are now ready to TRULY LOAD the case. |
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As with other cartridges used in competition, precise handloading, a good rifle, and lots of practice make it possible to shoot very small consistent [[Accurizing|groups]], with 5 or 10-shot groups with center-to-center measures of under {{convert|0.200|in|mm|abbr=on}} at {{convert|200|yards}}.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.international-benchrest.com/IBSRecords/05GroupRec.htm|title=2005 IBS GROUP RECORDS|work=International Benchrest}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Warner|first=Ken|title=Gun Digest 1987|year=1986|publisher=DBI Books|isbn=978-0-87349-001-6|page=234}}</ref> |
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==Other developments== |
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As with many competition rounds, variations develop and the PPC family of cartridges has served as the foundation for many. In the native 22 and 6mm calibers, there are numerous improved versions both with a shorter body to reduce powder capacity and longer body to increase powder capacity. |
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In 1985 [http://www.rifflar.com Birgir Runar Saemundsson] from Iceland designed the 30 PPC, by necking up the standard 6 PPC to shoot 308 caliber bullets. Bullets at that time were 125 grain Bergers, which proved to be too heavy. The lighter bullets of 105 to 115 grains were needed. This caliber combination is very accurate for Bench Rest and Varmint for Score shooting. |
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In 1998 Arne Brennan conducted a theoretical study of calibers and cartridge cases and expanded the PPC family with the 6.5 PPC for the AR-15 rifle. As time evolved, the 6.5 PPC evolved into an improved case version like had been done for years with the 22 and 6 PPC. An improved 6.5 PPC variation branded the [[6.5 Grendel]] was marketed by Alexander Arms LLC.<ref>{{cite book|last=Lewis|first=Jack|authorlink =Jack Lewis (screenwriter) | title=The Gun Digest Book of Assault Weapons|year=2007|publisher=Gun Digest Books|isbn=978-0-89689-498-3|page=77}}</ref> Others are the [[6.5 CSS]] marketed by CompetitionShooting.com, the [[6.5 PPCX]] developed by Arne Brennan and optimized for 100-108 grain 6.5mm bullets, and the [[6.5 BPC]] developed by Jim Borden and Dr. Louis Palmisano and optimized for 81-88 grain flat base bullets. Brass for these improved versions of the 6.5 PPC cartridge is made by Lapua and Hornady. |
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In 2007, Mark Walker created the [[.30 Walker]] - a .30 caliber version of the improved PPC optimized for use with 110-118 grain flat base 30 caliber bullets. The .30 Walker was created for benchrest score shooting and has yielded impressive results with performance close to the [[.30 BR]].<ref>{{cite web|last=Walker|first=Mark|title=30 Walker|url=http://benchrest.com/showthread.php?55037-30-Grendel-help|accessdate=10 July 2013}}</ref> |
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In January 2010, Les Baer Custom discontinued offering the Alexander Arms 6.5 Grendel which is a trademarked brand and required an insurance commitment until Alexander Arms released its trademark in 2011, and announced the release of the [[.264 LBC-AR]] as a [[wildcat]] without SAAMI specs as the Grendel has, but which takes nearly all of the same factory-loaded ammo that the Grendel can take. The LBC has a more shallow bolt-face than the standard-spec Grendel which removes 0.01 inch of steel from (weakens) the LBC's extractor claw, but makes the LBC bolt compatible with [[7.62x39]] AR15/M4 bolts and barrels. The LBC's bolt and barrel are both incompatible with the SAAMI-spec Grendel's bolt and barrel, and retailers are often passing the 264 LBC as a "Type 1 Grendel" and calling the original, trademarked Grendel a "type 2 Grendel," which is the SAAMI spec but with more powder capacity, longer cartridge overall length, bolt compatible with the SAAMI-spec, and usually no compound-angled throat but a 0.300 inch throat. The .264 LBC-AR chamber is designed with a 0.295 inch neck like the 6.5 CSS, but not a compound-angled throat like the SAAMI-spec Grendel, and uses a 1 degree throat design like the 6.5 PPCX.{{citation needed|date=October 2010}} |
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==See also== |
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*[[List of firearms]] |
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*[[List of rifle cartridges]] |
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*[[Table of handgun and rifle cartridges]] |
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*[[6 mm caliber]] |
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==Bibliography== |
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* Frank C. Barnes: ''Cartridges of the World. A Complete and Illustrated Reference for Over 1500 Cartridges.'' 10th ed. Krause Publications. Iola WI 2006. pp 21–22. {{ISBN|0-89689-297-2}} |
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==References== |
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{{reflist}} |
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== External links == |
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* [http://www.reloadbench.com/popup/cart/260.html "6mm PPC" - reloadbench] |
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[[Category:Pistol and rifle cartridges]] |
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2018年1月12日 (金) 12:26時点における版
(en:6mm PPC => 6mm PPC)
(01:25, 23 May 2017) を翻訳 from 01:25, 23 May 2017
| 6mm PPC | ||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
 6mm PPC | ||||||||||||
| 種類 | Rifle / Competition | |||||||||||
| 原開発国 | USA | |||||||||||
| 製造の歴史 | ||||||||||||
| 設計者 | Lou Palmisano / Ferris Pindell | |||||||||||
| 設計時期 | 1975 | |||||||||||
| 特徴 | ||||||||||||
| 元モデル | .220 Russian | |||||||||||
| 薬莢形状 | Rimless, bottleneck | |||||||||||
| 弾丸径 | .2430 in (6.17 mm) | |||||||||||
| 首径 | .262 in (6.7 mm) | |||||||||||
| 肩径 | .431 in (10.9 mm) | |||||||||||
| 底面径 | .441 in (11.2 mm) | |||||||||||
| リム径 | .445 in (11.3 mm) | |||||||||||
| 薬莢長 | 1.515 in (38.5 mm) | |||||||||||
| 全長 | 2.100 in (53.3 mm) | |||||||||||
| ライフリング | 1-14" | |||||||||||
| 雷管のタイプ | Small rifle | |||||||||||
| 弾丸性能 | ||||||||||||
| ||||||||||||
| 算出時の銃砲身の長さ: 24" 出典: Accurate Powder [1] | ||||||||||||
The 6mm PPC (Palmisano & Pindel Cartridge), or 6 PPC as it is more often called, is a centerfire rifle cartridge used almost exclusively for benchrest shooting.[2] At distances out to 300 yards, it is one of the most accurate cartridges available.[3][4] This cartridge's accuracy is produced by a combination of its stout posture, being only 1.23インチ (31 mm) long, and aggressive shoulder angle of 30 degrees compared to a 30-06's 17 degrees.[5] Today it is commonly used for railgun shooting matches and has been since the 1980s
Background
The cartridge is a necked-up version of the .22 PPC which is in turn based on a .220 Russian.[5] The standard bullet diameter for 6 mm caliber cartridges is .243インチ (6.2 mm), the same diameter used in the .243 Winchester and 6mm Remington cartridges. To obtain maximum accuracy, bullet weight and form are matched to the rifling twist rate of the barrel. Typically, 68-グレーン (4.4 g) bullets are used in barrels with twist rates of 1:13 (one twist for every 13" in the barrel), while 1:15 barrels can accommodate lighter 58-or-60-グレーン (3.8 or 3.9 g) accurately. The cartridge developed enough acceptance that rifles chambered for it are available commercially.[6]
Handloading
 | この文書は手引き書です。ウィキペディア日本語版での活動の参考にされていますが、方針やガイドラインではありません。 |
The parent cartridge for the 6PPC is the .220 Russian, which in turn derives from the 7.62×39mm. Brass can either be purchased, or formed from .220 Russian brass (7.62×39mm can also be used, but .220 Russian brass is usually higher quality and thickness, since it is designed to operate at higher pressures).
During the early development accuracy experts noted that perfectly concentric thickness of the cartridge neck were beneficial in lining up bullet to the bore - a feature mostly lacking in commercially available brass of the time. Most 6PPC chamber reamers are ground with a tight neck section that requires removing some case neck material ("turning the necks") to create a cartridge with a concentric fit and consistent neck-to-chamber clearances which contribute to the 6PPCs accuracy. While the SAAMI specification for neck thickness in a 6mm cartridge is usually .272 inches, it is common to see 6PPCs with .262, .268, or .269 custom neck sizes, hence modern factory ammunition is not commonly produced for the 6PPC as it would be dangerous to shoot in these custom chambers. To help clarify this, factory guns and ammunition are usually specified as the "6PPC-USA" cartridge which has a CIP/SAAMI specification. To the Note that a neck expanded, "unturned" (thickness of neck reduced) and loaded 220 Russian case neck will almost always be larger in diameter than the 6PPC rifle's chamber neck; if so, Method One does not apply—see Method Two. It is important to understand the characteristics of one's chamber before starting. Use of a "chamber cast" using Brownell's CERROSAFE® CHAMBER CASTING ALLOY or equivalent is a good way to accomplish this. Alternatively, one can use a manufacturer's print of the chamber (usually very hard to obtain, except for European manufacturers) or a print of the reamer used to cut the rifle chamber.
Cartridge Case Preparation Method One: The .223 inch (5.56 mm) neck of the .220 Russian is expanded to .243 inches (6 mm) using a mandrel, then the headspace is set using a full length sizing die for 6mm PPC. Next the case is trimmed, reloaded, and fire formed by firing the round in the chamber of a 6mm PPC rifle. The shoulder of the .220 Russian case is blown forward to 30 deg and the case walls are straightened, allowing for greater powder capacity. Competitors will also turn their case neck walls to a uniform given thickness, so that a fully loaded cartridge's neck diameter is just a few thousands of an inch less than that of the chamber's neck. Recently, Lapua, Norma and SAKO have begun making 6mm PPC brass.
Cartridge Case Preparation Method Two: Using the 220 Russian case, lubricate case and full length size in a 6PPC die with the expander button removed (it won't fit!) Insert a small PISTOL primer into the case to be converted (same size as small rifle primer.) Add a VERY STOUT quantity of a fast burning pistol propellant, such as Bullseye to the case—many other propellants will work, but it MUST be a fast burning pistol propellant. For this cartridge 16 grains of Bullseye works rather well. Melt some paraffin wax into the lid of a jar, and when it solidifies, turn the lid over and press it over the neck of the loaded blank cartridge, making a seal that will both keep the propellant in the case and provide a very modest resistance to the propellant when it is fired. Generously lubricate the case with "Imperial Sizing Die Wax" or some other VERY high quality case sizing lubricant (the serious benchrest shooters will only use Imperial.) Place the cartridge into the rifle and fire to "fireform" the case. The muzzle blast will be most impressive! Repeat for remaining cases, but don't allow barrel to overheat—if you can't hold the barrel in your hand, it is too hot, so slow down. When finished fireforming, clean rifle chamber to remove any hint of lubricant! Clean necks to remove lubricant and powder residue, then inside lubricate the necks with a Q Tip and Imperial Wax. Run cases thru a 6mm neck expander, which will be slightly oversized. Trim to length of 1.486" (this step may not be necessary.) Inside/outside chamfer the necks. Turn necks to a thickness that will allow, at BARE MINIMUM, 0.001" total clearance in the chamber for the loaded round (it helps to keep the neck turner in a pocket when not actually in use so that its temperature does not vary over the process; otherwise one can get considerable changes in the neck thickness due to heating and cooling of the "neck turner". Remember that we are working in increments of 0.0001" (ten thousandths of an inch) -- when one does the calculations, it is truly impressive how the dimensions of the neck turner can change over a 20 degree F range.) Lubricate the turner mandrel before each new case; again, Imperial is the optimal choice of lubricant. It is important when turning the necks to run the neck turner into the shoulder of the case a wee bit; if this is not done, one will experience the "Dreaded Doughnut" at the juncture of the neck to the rest of the case after the case is fired, and bullet seating can get very difficult. (Further, with a "doughnut", a loaded round with the projectile seated below doughnut can be larger in diameter than the chamber neck.) Lubricate the case again with Imperial wax. Full length size the case in a 6PPC die with the expander ball in place. Decap primer, clean primer pockets, remove case lube and you are now ready to TRULY LOAD the case.
As with other cartridges used in competition, precise handloading, a good rifle, and lots of practice make it possible to shoot very small consistent groups, with 5 or 10-shot groups with center-to-center measures of under 0.200 in (5.1 mm) at 200ヤード (180 m).[7][8]
Other developments
As with many competition rounds, variations develop and the PPC family of cartridges has served as the foundation for many. In the native 22 and 6mm calibers, there are numerous improved versions both with a shorter body to reduce powder capacity and longer body to increase powder capacity.
In 1985 Birgir Runar Saemundsson from Iceland designed the 30 PPC, by necking up the standard 6 PPC to shoot 308 caliber bullets. Bullets at that time were 125 grain Bergers, which proved to be too heavy. The lighter bullets of 105 to 115 grains were needed. This caliber combination is very accurate for Bench Rest and Varmint for Score shooting.
In 1998 Arne Brennan conducted a theoretical study of calibers and cartridge cases and expanded the PPC family with the 6.5 PPC for the AR-15 rifle. As time evolved, the 6.5 PPC evolved into an improved case version like had been done for years with the 22 and 6 PPC. An improved 6.5 PPC variation branded the 6.5 Grendel was marketed by Alexander Arms LLC.[9] Others are the 6.5 CSS marketed by CompetitionShooting.com, the 6.5 PPCX developed by Arne Brennan and optimized for 100-108 grain 6.5mm bullets, and the 6.5 BPC developed by Jim Borden and Dr. Louis Palmisano and optimized for 81-88 grain flat base bullets. Brass for these improved versions of the 6.5 PPC cartridge is made by Lapua and Hornady.
In 2007, Mark Walker created the .30 Walker - a .30 caliber version of the improved PPC optimized for use with 110-118 grain flat base 30 caliber bullets. The .30 Walker was created for benchrest score shooting and has yielded impressive results with performance close to the .30 BR.[10]
In January 2010, Les Baer Custom discontinued offering the Alexander Arms 6.5 Grendel which is a trademarked brand and required an insurance commitment until Alexander Arms released its trademark in 2011, and announced the release of the .264 LBC-AR as a wildcat without SAAMI specs as the Grendel has, but which takes nearly all of the same factory-loaded ammo that the Grendel can take. The LBC has a more shallow bolt-face than the standard-spec Grendel which removes 0.01 inch of steel from (weakens) the LBC's extractor claw, but makes the LBC bolt compatible with 7.62x39 AR15/M4 bolts and barrels. The LBC's bolt and barrel are both incompatible with the SAAMI-spec Grendel's bolt and barrel, and retailers are often passing the 264 LBC as a "Type 1 Grendel" and calling the original, trademarked Grendel a "type 2 Grendel," which is the SAAMI spec but with more powder capacity, longer cartridge overall length, bolt compatible with the SAAMI-spec, and usually no compound-angled throat but a 0.300 inch throat. The .264 LBC-AR chamber is designed with a 0.295 inch neck like the 6.5 CSS, but not a compound-angled throat like the SAAMI-spec Grendel, and uses a 1 degree throat design like the 6.5 PPCX.[要出典]
See also
Bibliography
- Frank C. Barnes: Cartridges of the World. A Complete and Illustrated Reference for Over 1500 Cartridges. 10th ed. Krause Publications. Iola WI 2006. pp 21–22. ISBN 0-89689-297-2
References
- ^ “6mm PPC data”. Accurate Powder. Template:Cite webの呼び出しエラー：引数 accessdate は必須です。
- ^ Simpson, Layne. “The 20th Century's Top Rifle Cartridge”. Shooting Times. Template:Cite webの呼び出しエラー：引数 accessdate は必須です。
- ^ Schoby, Michael (2007). Hunter's Guide to Whitetail Rifles. Stackpole Books. p. 18. ISBN 978-0-8117-3359-5
- ^ Shideler, Dan (2010). Guns Illustrated 2011. Gun Digest Books. p. 140. ISBN 978-1-4402-1392-2. "It's winning all its matches."
- ^ a b van Zwoll, Wayne (2003). Bolt Action Rifles. Krause Publications. p. 637. ISBN 978-0-87349-660-5
- ^ Walter, John (2006). Rifles of the World. Krause Publications. p. 414. ISBN 978-0-89689-241-5
- ^ “2005 IBS GROUP RECORDS”. International Benchrest. Template:Cite webの呼び出しエラー：引数 accessdate は必須です。
- ^ Warner, Ken (1986). Gun Digest 1987. DBI Books. p. 234. ISBN 978-0-87349-001-6
- ^ Lewis, Jack (2007). The Gun Digest Book of Assault Weapons. Gun Digest Books. p. 77. ISBN 978-0-89689-498-3
- ^ Walker, Mark. “30 Walker”. 2013年7月10日閲覧。
External links