人為的な要因による死者数一覧

This is a list of wars and anthropogenic disasters by death toll. Anthropogenic means caused by humans. The list covers the name of the event, location and the start and end of each event. Some events may belong in more than one category. In addition, some of the listed events overlap each other, and in some cases the death toll from a smaller event is included in the one for the larger event or time period of which it was part.

There is often large uncertainty about the number of deaths. The tables are initially sorted by the geometric mean, meaning the square root of the product of the lowest and highest estimate. For example, ${\sqrt {500\cdot 2000}}=1000$.

Wars and armed conflicts with highest estimated death tolls of 100,000 or more

詳細は「List of wars by death toll」を参照

This section lists all wars in which the highest estimated casualties exceed 100,000, this includes deaths of both soldiers, civilians, etc from causes both directly and indirectly caused by the war, which includes combat, disease, famine, massacres, suicide, and genocide.

この一覧は未完成です。加筆、訂正して下さる協力者を求めています。

Event	Lowest estimate	Highest estimate	Geometric mean estimate	Location	From	Until	Duration	Notes, see also
World War II	7007600000000000000♠60,000,000	7008118357000000000♠118,357,000	7007842699200000000♠84,269,920		7003193900000000000♠1939	7000600300000000000♠ 1945	6 years and 1 day	See also: World War II casualties.
Three Kingdoms	36,000,000	40,000,000	37,947,332	China	7002184000000000000♠184	7002280000000000000♠280	7001960000000000000♠96 years	Academically, the period of the Three Kingdoms refers to the period between the foundation of the state of Wei in 220 and the conquest of the state of Wu by the Jin dynasty in 280. The earlier, "unofficial" part of the period, from 184 to 220, was marked by chaotic infighting between warlords in various parts of China. 「End of the Han dynasty」も参照
Mongol conquests	7007300000000000000♠30,000,000	7007570000000000000♠57,000,000	7007346410160000000♠34,641,016	Eurasia	7003120600000000000♠1206	7003140500000000000♠1405	7002199000000000000♠199 years	See also: Mongol Empire, Destruction under the Mongol Empire
European colonization of the Americas	7006840000000000000♠8,400,000	7008138000000000000♠138,000,000	7007340470260000000♠34,047,026	Americas	7003149200000000000♠1492	7003169100000000000♠1691	7002199000000000000♠199 years	Death toll estimates vary due to lack of consensus as to the demographic size of the native population pre-Columbus, which might never be accurately determined. The 90% death rate was mainly caused by disease. Vast depopulation contributed to Little Ice Age
Taiping Rebellion	7007100000000000000♠10,000,000	7008100000000000000♠100,000,000	7007316227770000000♠31,622,777	China	7003185100000000000♠1851	7003186400000000000♠1864	7001140000000000000♠14 years	See also: Qing dynasty
Transition from Ming to Qing	7007250000000000000♠25,000,000	7007250000000000000♠25,000,000	7007250000000000000♠25,000,000	China	7003161800000000000♠1618	7003168300000000000♠1683	7001650000000000000♠65 years	See also: Qing dynasty
Second Sino-Japanese War	7007200000000000000♠20,000,000	7007250000000000000♠25,000,000	7007223606800000000♠22,360,680	China	7003193700000000000♠1937	7003194500000000000♠1945	7000800000000000000♠8 years	– Part of World War II
An Lushan Rebellion	13,020,000	36,000,000	21,633,308	China	7002755000000000000♠755	7002763000000000000♠763	7000800000000000000♠8 years	Also known as the An–Shi rebellion
World War I	7007175000000000000♠17,500,000	7007400000000000000♠40,000,000+	7007235685590000000♠23,568,559	Worldwide	7003191400000000000♠1914	7003191800000000000♠1918	4 years, 3 months, 1 week
Conquests of Timur	7006800000000000000♠8,000,000	7007170000000000000♠17,000,000	7007126491110000000♠12,649,111	Central Asia, Middle East and South Asia	7003137000000000000♠1370	7003140500000000000♠1405	7001350000000000000♠35 years	Up to 5% of the world's population at the time.
Dungan Revolt	7006800000000000000♠8,000,000	7007120000000000000♠12,000,000	7006979795900000000♠9,797,959	Qing dynasty	7003186200000000000♠1862	7003187700000000000♠1877	7001150000000000000♠15 years	See also: Qing dynasty
Chinese Civil War	7006800000000000000♠8,000,000	7007116920000000000♠11,692,000	7006967140100000000♠9,671,401	China	7003192700000000000♠1927	7003194900000000000♠1949	7001220000000000000♠22 years
Reconquista	7,000,000	7,000,000	7,000,000	Iberian Peninsula	7002711000000000000♠711	7003149200000000000♠1492	7002781000000000000♠781 years	Note: cannot be considered a single war
Russian Civil War	7006500000000000000♠5,000,000	7006900000000000000♠9,000,000	7006670820400000000♠6,708,204	Russia	7003191700000000000♠1917	7003192100000000000♠1921	7000500000000000000♠5 years	See also: Russian Revolution, List of civil wars
Thirty Years' War	7006300000000000000♠3,000,000	7007115000000000000♠11,500,000	7006567387000000000♠5,673,870	Holy Roman Empire, Europe	7003161800000000000♠1618	7003164800000000000♠1648	7001300000000000000♠30 years	Initially a religious war between Catholics and Protestants, it became a general European political war. It was one of the longest and most destructive conflicts in European history.
Mughal–Maratha Wars	7006560000000000000♠5,600,000	7006560000000000000♠5,600,000	7006560000000000000♠5,600,000	India	7003168000000000000♠1680	7003170700000000000♠1707	7001270000000000000♠27 years
Napoleonic Wars	7006350000000000000♠3,500,000	7006700000000000000♠7,000,000	7006494974700000000♠4,949,747	Europe, Atlantic, Pacific and Indian Ocean	7003180300000000000♠1803	7003181500000000000♠1815	7001130000000000000♠13 years	See also: Napoleonic Wars casualties
Yellow Turban Rebellion	7006300000000000000♠3,000,000	7006700000000000000♠7,000,000	7006458257600000000♠4,582,576	China	7002184000000000000♠184	7002205000000000000♠205	7001220000000000000♠22 years	– Part of the Three Kingdoms War
Second Congo War	7006250000000000000♠2,500,000	7006540000000000000♠5,400,000	7006367423500000000♠3,674,235	Democratic Republic of the Congo	7003199800000000000♠1998	7003200300000000000♠2003	7000600000000000000♠6 years
Korean War	7006150000000000000♠1,500,000	7006450000000000000♠4,500,000	7006300000000000000♠3,000,000	Korean Peninsula	7003195000000000000♠1950	7003195300000000000♠1953	7000400000000000000♠4 years	Categorized as part of the Cold War.
French Wars of Religion	7006200000000000000♠2,000,000	7006400000000000000♠4,000,000	7006282842700000000♠2,828,427	France	7003156200000000000♠1562	7003159800000000000♠1598	7001370000000000000♠37 years	Largely a religious war between Catholics and Huguenots (French Calvinist Protestants)
Indian Rebellion of 1857	7005800000000000000♠800,000	7007100000000000000♠10,000,000	7006282842700000000♠2,828,427	India	7003185700000000000♠1857	7003185800000000000♠1858	7000100000000000000♠1 year
Hundred Years' War	7006230000000000000♠2,300,000	7006330000000000000♠3,300,000	7006275499500000000♠2,754,995	Western Europe	7003133700000000000♠1337	7003145300000000000♠1453	7002116000000000000♠116 years	Edwardian War (1337–1360), Caroline War (1369–1389), Lancastrian War (1415–1453)
Vietnam War	7005966000000000000♠966,000	7006380000000000000♠3,800,000	7006238300000000000♠2,383,000	Southeast Asia	7003195500000000000♠1955	7003197500000000000♠1975	7001210000000000000♠21 years	Cold War and First Indochina War
Crusades	7006100000000000000♠1,000,000	7006300000000000000♠3,000,000	7006200000000000000♠2,000,000	Holy Land, Europe	7003109500000000000♠1095	7003129100000000000♠1291	7002196000000000000♠196 years	Christian military excursions in the Middle East.
Nigerian Civil War	7006100000000000000♠1,000,000	7006300000000000000♠3,000,000	7006200000000000000♠2,000,000	Nigeria	7003196600000000000♠1966	7003197000000000000♠1970	7000400000000000000♠4 years	Ethnic cleansings of the Igbo people followed by Civil War.
Mfecane	7006150000000000000♠1,500,000	7006200000000000000♠2,000,000	7006175000000000000♠1,750,000	Southern Africa	7003181600000000000♠1816	7003182800000000000♠1828	7001130000000000000♠13 years	Ndwandwe–Zulu War
Punic Wars	7006125000000000000♠1,250,000	7006185000000000000♠1,850,000	7006152069100000000♠1,520,691	Medi­terranean	2997736000000000000♠264 BC	2997854000000000000♠146 BC	7002118000000000000♠118 years	See also: Carthage, Roman Republic
Second Sudanese Civil War	7006100000000000000♠1,000,000	7006200000000000000♠2,000,000	7006141421400000000♠1,414,214	Sudan	7003198300000000000♠1983	7003200500000000000♠2005	7001230000000000000♠23 years	First Sudanese Civil War
Qin's wars of unification	7006200000000000000♠2,000,000	7006200000000000000♠2,000,000	7006200000000000000♠2,000,000	China	2997770000000000000♠ 230 BC	2997779000000000000♠ 221 BC	7000900000000000000♠9 years	See also: History of China
Seven Years' War	7005868000000000000♠868,000	7006140000000000000♠1,400,000	7006110236100000000♠1,102,361	Worldwide	7003175600000000000♠1756	7003176300000000000♠1763	7000700000000000000♠7 years
Soviet–Afghan War	7005600000000000000♠600,000	7006200000000000000♠2,000,000	7006109544500000000♠1,095,445	Afghanistan	7003198000000000000♠1980	7003198800000000000♠1988	7000900000000000000♠9 years	Sometimes categorized as a proxy war during the Cold War. – Part of the War in Afghanistan
Japanese invasions of Korea	7006100000000000000♠1,000,000	1,000,000	7006100000000000000♠1,000,000	Korea	7003159200000000000♠1592	7003159800000000000♠1598	7000700000000000000♠7 years
French Revolutionary Wars	7006100000000000000♠1,000,000	1,000,000	7006100000000000000♠1,000,000	Worldwide	7003179200000000000♠1792	7003180200000000000♠1802	7001100000000000000♠10 years
Mexican Revolution	7005500000000000000♠500,000	7006200000000000000♠2,000,000	7006100000000000000♠1,000,000	Mexico, United States	7003191100000000000♠1911	7003192000000000000♠1920	7001100000000000000♠10 years	Includes Pancho Villa's raids and the Columbus Raid.
Italian conquest of the Horn of Africa	7006100000000000000♠1,000,000	1,000,000	7006100000000000000♠1,000,000	Horn of Africa	7003192400000000000♠1924	7003194000000000000♠1940	7001160000000000000♠16 years
Panthay Rebellion	7005890000000000000♠890,000	7006100000000000000♠1,000,000	7005943398000000000♠943,398	China	7003185600000000000♠1856	7003187300000000000♠1873	7001180000000000000♠18 years
Wars of the Three Kingdoms	876,000	876,000	876,000	British Isles	7003163900000000000♠1639	7003165100000000000♠1651	7001120000000000000♠12 years
Conquests of Mehmed the Conqueror	873,000	873,000	873,000[citation needed]	Eastern Europe	7003145100000000000♠1451	7003148100000000000♠1481	7001300000000000000♠30 years
Ethiopian Civil War	7005500000000000000♠500,000	7006150000000000000♠1,500,000	7005866025000000000♠866,025	Ethiopia	7003197400000000000♠1974	7003199100000000000♠1991	7001170000000000000♠17 years
Jewish–Roman wars	7005350000000000000♠350,000	7006200000000000000♠2,000,000	7005836660000000000♠836,660	Roman Empire	7001660000000000000♠66	7002136000000000000♠136	7001700000000000000♠70 years	See also: Roman Empire
American Civil War	7005650000000000000♠650,000	7006100000000000000♠1,000,000	7005800000000000000♠800,000	South­eastern United States and Pennsylvania	7003186100000000000♠1861	7003186500000000000♠1865	7000400000000000000♠4 years	See also: United States
Algerian War	7005350000000000000♠350,000	7006150000000000000♠1,500,000	7005724569000000000♠724,569	Algeria	7003195400000000000♠1954	7003196200000000000♠1962	7000738000000000000♠ 7 years, 4 months, 2 weeks, and 4 days
War of the Spanish Succession	7005400000000000000♠400,000	7006125100000000000♠1,251,000	7005707389000000000♠707,389	Europe, North America, South America	7003170200000000000♠1702	7003171400000000000♠1714	7001120000000000000♠12 years
Spanish Civil War	7005500000000000000♠500,000	7006100000000000000♠1,000,000	7005707107000000000♠707,107	Spain	7003193600000000000♠1936	7003193900000000000♠1939	7000400000000000000♠4 years
Eighty Years' War	7005230000000000000♠230,000	7006200000000000000♠2,000,000	7005678233000000000♠678,233	The Low Countries, South America, Caribbean Sea, East and Southeast Asia	7003156800000000000♠1568	7003164800000000000♠1648	7001800000000000000♠80 years
Gallic Wars	7005400000000000000♠400,000	7006100000000000000♠1,000,000	7005632445000000000♠632,445	France	2998420000000000000♠ 58 BC	2998500000000000000♠ 50 BC	7000900000000000000♠9 years	See also: Roman Empire
Spanish American wars of independence	600,000	600,000	600,000	Americas	7003180800000000000♠1808	7003183300000000000♠1833	7001250000000000000♠25 years
Paraguayan War	7005300000000000000♠300,000	7006120000000000000♠1,200,000	7005600000000000000♠600,000	Southern Cone	7003186400000000000♠1864	7003187000000000000♠1870	7000700000000000000♠7 years	Military history of South America, Francisco Solano López and Luís Alves de Lima e Silva, Duke of Caxias
Iran–Iraq War	7005289220000000000♠289,220	7006110000000000000♠1,100,000	7005564041000000000♠564,041	Iran–Iraq border	7003198000000000000♠1980	7003198800000000000♠1988	7000800000000000000♠8 years	Iran claims: 123,220 KIA + 11,000 civilians Iraq claims: 105,000 KIA + 50,000 in Kurdish Genocide Others claim 600,000 Iranians killed and 500,000 Iraqis
French invasion of Russia	540,000	540,000	540,000	Russia	7003181200000000000♠1812	7003181200000000000♠1812	6999470000000000000♠ 5 months, 2 weeks and 6 days	– Part of the Napoleonic Wars
Syrian Civil War	7005500000000000000♠500,000	7005570000000000000♠570,000	7005535000000000000♠535,000	Syria	7003201100000000000♠2011	7003201900000000000♠ Present	7000775000000000000♠ 8 years
English Civil War	356,000	735,000	511,527	England	7003164200000000000♠1642	7003165100000000000♠1651	7000900000000000000♠9 years	– Part of the Wars of the Three Kingdoms
Angolan Civil War	504,158	504,158	504,158	Angola	7003197500000000000♠1975	7003200200000000000♠2002	7001270000000000000♠27 years
First Sudanese Civil War	500,000	500,000	500,000	Sudan	7003195500000000000♠1955	7003197200000000000♠1972	7001170000000000000♠17 years
War on Terror	7005480000000000000♠480,000	7005507000000000000♠507,000	7005493500000000000♠493,500	Worldwide	7003200100000000000♠2001	7003201900000000000♠ Present	7001176000000000000♠ 18 years	Includes Iraq War, War in Afghanistan (2001–present), and War in North-West Pakistan.
Albigensian Crusade	7005200000000000000♠200,000	7006100000000000000♠1,000,000	7005447214000000000♠447,214	Southern France	7003120800000000000♠1208	7003122900000000000♠1229	7001210000000000000♠21 years
First Congo War	250,000	800,000	447,214	Zaire	7003199600000000000♠1996	7003199700000000000♠1997	7000100000000000000♠1 year
Maratha invasions of Bengal	400,000	400,000	400,000	India	7003174100000000000♠1741	7003175100000000000♠1751	7001100000000000000♠10 years
First Indochina War	400,000	400,000	400,000	Southeast Asia	7003194600000000000♠1946	7003195400000000000♠1954	7000800000000000000♠8 years	Also known as the Indochina War
Continuation War	387,333	387,333	387,333	Northern Europe	7003194100000000000♠1941	7003194400000000000♠1944	7000300000000000000♠3 years	– Part of World War II
Somali Civil War	300,000	500,000	387,298	Somalia	7003198600000000000♠1986	7003201900000000000♠ Present	7001320000000000000♠32 years
Crimean War	356,000	410,000	382,047	Crimea	7003185300000000000♠1853	7003185600000000000♠1856	7000300000000000000♠3 years
Iraq War	7005268000000000000♠268,000	7005461000000000000♠461,000	7005364500000000000♠364,500	Iraq	7003200300000000000♠2003	7003201100000000000♠2011	7000800000000000000♠8 years	See also: Casualties of the Iraq War – Part of the War on Terror
Cuban War of Independence	362,000	362,000	362,000	Cuba	7003189500000000000♠1895	7003189800000000000♠1898	7000300000000000000♠3 years
Great Northern War	350,000	350,000	350,000	Northern and Eastern Europe	7003170000000000000♠1700	7003172100000000000♠1721	7001210000000000000♠21 years
Italian Wars	300,000	400,000	346,410	Southern Europe	7003149400000000000♠1494	7003155900000000000♠1559	7001650000000000000♠65 years	Also known as the Great Wars of Italy
French conquest of Algeria	300,000	300,000	300,000	Algeria	7003182900000000000♠1829	7003184700000000000♠1847	7001180000000000000♠18 years
Burundian Civil War	300,000	300,000	300,000	Burundi	7003199300000000000♠1993	7003200500000000000♠2005	7001120000000000000♠12 years
War in Darfur	178,258	461,520	286,827	Sudan	7003200300000000000♠2003	7003201900000000000♠ Present	7001150000000000000♠15 years
Bangladesh Liberation War	7004260000000000000♠26,000	7006300000000000000♠3,000,000	500,000	East Pakistan	7003197100000000000♠1971	7003197100000000000♠1971	7000100000000000000♠1 year	See also: Bangladeshi Genocide casualties
Second Italo-Ethiopian War	278,350	278,350	278,350	Ethiopia	7003193500000000000♠1935	7003193600000000000♠1936	7000100000000000000♠1 year	Also known as the Second Italo–Abyssinian War
Papua conflict	150,000	400,000	244,949	New Guinea	7003196300000000000♠1963	7003201900000000000♠ Present	7001550000000000000♠55 years
Ten Years' War	241,000	241,000	241,000	Cuba	7003186800000000000♠1868	7003187800000000000♠1878	7001100000000000000♠10 years	Also known as the Great War
Philippine–American War	234,000	234,000	234,000	Philippines	7003189900000000000♠1899	7003191200000000000♠1912	7001130000000000000♠13 years	Also known as the Philippine War
Venezuelan War of Independence	228,000	228,000	228,000	Venezuela	7003181000000000000♠1810	7003182300000000000♠1823	7001130000000000000♠13 years	– Part of the Spanish American Wars of Independence
Ugandan Bush War	100,000	500,000	223,607	Uganda	7003198100000000000♠1981	7003198600000000000♠1986	7000500000000000000♠5 years	Also known as the Luwero War
Lord's Resistance Army insurgency	100,000	500,000	223,607	Central Africa	7003198700000000000♠1987	7003201900000000000♠ Present	7001310000000000000♠31 years
Franco-Dutch War	220,000	220,000	220,000	Western Europe	7003167200000000000♠1672	7003167800000000000♠1678	7000600000000000000♠6 years	Also known as the Dutch War
Colombian conflict	220,000	220,000	220,000	Colombia	7003196400000000000♠1964	7003201900000000000♠ Present	7001540000000000000♠54 years
Iraqi-Kurdish conflict	138,800	320,100	210,784	Iraq	7003191800000000000♠1918	7003200300000000000♠2003	7001850000000000000♠85 years
Campaigns of Suleiman the Magnificent	200,000	200,000	200,000	Eastern Europe, Middle East and North Africa	7003152100000000000♠1521	7003156600000000000♠1566	7001250000000000000♠25 years
Franco-Spanish War (1635–1659)	200,000	200,000	200,000	Western Europe	7003163500000000000♠1635	7003165900000000000♠1659	7001240000000000000♠24 years
Carlist Wars	200,000	200,000	200,000	Spain	7003182000000000000♠1820	7003187600000000000♠1876	7001560000000000000♠56 years
La Violencia	192,700	194,700	193,697	Colombia	7003194800000000000♠1948	7003195800000000000♠1958	7001100000000000000♠10 years
Internal conflict in Myanmar	130,000	250,000	180,278	Myanmar	7003194800000000000♠1948	7003201900000000000♠ Present	7001700000000000000♠70 years
Kalinga War	7005150000000000000♠150,000	7005200000000000000♠200,000	7005173205000000000♠173,205	India	2997738000000000000♠ 262 BC	2997739000000000000♠ 261 BC	7000200000000000000♠2 years
Winter War	153,736	194,837	173,071	Finland	7003193900000000000♠1939	7003194000000000000♠1940	7000100000000000000♠1 year	– Part of World War II
Greek Civil War	158,000	158,000	158,000	Greece	7003194600000000000♠1946	7003194900000000000♠1949	7000300000000000000♠3 years
North Yemen Civil War	100,000	200,000	141,421	Yemen	7003196200000000000♠1962	7003197000000000000♠1970	7000800000000000000♠8 years
1991 Iraqi uprisings in Iraq	85,000	235,000	141,333	Iraq	7003199100000000000♠1991	7003199100000000000♠1991	6998900000000000000♠ 1 month and 4 days
Balkan Wars	140,000	140,000	140,000	Balkans	7003191200000000000♠1912	7003191300000000000♠1913	7000100000000000000♠1 year
Anglo-Spanish War (1585–1604)	138,285	138,285	138,285	Europe and Americas	7003158500000000000♠1585	7003160400000000000♠1604	7001190000000000000♠19 years
Saint-Domingue Expedition	135,000	135,000	135,000	Haiti	7003180200000000000♠1802	7003180300000000000♠1803	7000100000000000000♠1 year
Yugoslav Wars	130,000	140,000	134,907	Balkans	7003199100000000000♠1991	7003200100000000000♠2001	7001100000000000000♠10 years
Lebanese Civil War	120,000	150,000	134,164	Lebanon	7003197500000000000♠1975	7003199000000000000♠1990	7001150000000000000♠15 years
Sierra Leone Civil War	50,000	300,000	122,474	Sierra Leone	7003199100000000000♠1991	7003200200000000000♠2002	7001110000000000000♠11 years
Great Turkish War	120,000	120,000	120,000	Eastern Europe	7003168300000000000♠1683	7003169900000000000♠1699	7001160000000000000♠16 years	Also known as the War of the Holy League
Thousand Days War	120,000	120,000	120,000	Colombia	7003189900000000000♠1899	7003190200000000000♠1902	7000300000000000000♠3 years
Moro conflict	120,000	120,000	120,000	Philippines	7003196900000000000♠1969	7003201900000000000♠ Present	7001490000000000000♠49 years
Arab–Israeli conflict	116,074	116,074	116,074	Middle East	7003194800000000000♠1948	7003201900000000000♠ Present	7001700000000000000♠70 years
Mexican Drug War	106,800	106,800	106,800	Mexico	7003200600000000000♠2006	7003201900000000000♠ Present	7001120000000000000♠12 years	Also known as the Mexican War on Drugs
Aceh War	97,000	107,000	101,877	Indonesia	7003187300000000000♠1873	7003191400000000000♠1914	7001410000000000000♠41 years	Also known as the Infidel War
Bosnian War	97,214	104,732	100,903	Bosnia and Herzegovina	7003199100000000000♠1991	7003199500000000000♠1995	7000400000000000000♠4 years	– Part of the Yugoslav Wars
German Peasants' War	100,000	100,000	100,000	Germany	7003152400000000000♠1524	7003152500000000000♠1525	7000100000000000000♠1 year	Also known as the Great Peasants' War
Kurdish rebellions in Turkey	100,000	100,000	100,000	Middle East	7003192100000000000♠1921	7003201900000000000♠ Present	7001970000000000000♠97 years
Congo Crisis	100,000	100,000	100,000	Republic of the Congo	7003196000000000000♠1960	7003196500000000000♠1965	7000500000000000000♠5 years
Insurgency in Laos	100,000	100,000	100,000	Laos	7003197500000000000♠1975	7003200700000000000♠2007	7001320000000000000♠32 years
Kivu Conflict	100,000	100,000	100,000	Democratic Republic of the Congo	7003200400000000000♠2004	7003201900000000000♠ Present	7001140000000000000♠14 years	– Part of the Second Congo War
Kashmir Conflict	80,000	110,000	93,808	North India, Pakistan	7003194700000000000♠1947	7003201900000000000♠ Present	7001710000000000000♠71 years
Algerian Civil War	44,000	200,000	93,808	Algeria	7003199100000000000♠1991	7003200200000000000♠2002	7001110000000000000♠11 years
Angolan War of Independence	82,991	102,991	92,452	Angola	7003196100000000000♠1961	7003197400000000000♠1974	7001130000000000000♠13 years
Sri Lankan Civil War	80,000	100,000	89,443	Sri Lanka	7003198300000000000♠1983	7003200900000000000♠2009	7001260000000000000♠26 years
Indian annexation of Hyderabad	29,212	242,212	84,116	India	7003194800000000000♠1948	7003194800000000000♠1948	6998100000000000000♠ 5 days	Also known as Operation Polo

War crimes, massacres and ancient war atrocities

This section lists non-combatant deaths during wars that were committed or caused by military or quasi-military forces. They may not particularly target ethnic, religious, or political groups but are usually part of a military strategy that disregards civilian lives, or they may be arbitrary acts of cruelty.

この一覧は未完成です。加筆、訂正して下さる協力者を求めています。

Event	Lowest estimate	Highest estimate	Geometric mean estimate	Location	From	Until	Duration	Notes
War crimes during World War II	7007290000000000000♠29,000,000	7007305000000000000♠30,500,000	7007290740540000000♠29,074,054	Worldwide	1939	1945	6 years	See also: World War II casualties.
Japanese war crimes	7006300000000000000♠3,000,000 (lowest estimate to include soldier deaths, famine or disease caused by Japanese imperialism)	7007140000000000000♠14,000,000+	7006648074100000000♠6,480,741	In and around East and South East Asia, Oceania and the Pacific	1931	1945	8 years	Japanese war crimes occurred in many Asian and Pacific countries during the period of Japanese imperialism, primarily during the Second Sino-Japanese War and World War II. If total casualties for these conflicts are assigned exclusively to Japanese aggression the toll could reach some 30 million deaths. These incidents have also been described as an Asian Holocaust and Japanese war atrocities. Some war crimes were committed by military personnel from the Empire of Japan in the late 19th century, although most took place during the first part of the Shōwa Era, the name given to the reign of Emperor Hirohito, until the surrender of the Empire of Japan, in 1945.
Three Alls Policy	7006270000000000000♠2,700,000	7006270000000000000♠2,700,000	7006270000000000000♠2,700,000	China	1940	1942	2 years	In a study published in 1996, historian Mitsuyoshi Himeta claims that the Three Alls Policy, a scorched-earth policy implemented by the Imperial Japanese Army on China, sanctioned by Emperor Hirohito himself, was both directly and indirectly responsible for the deaths of "more than 2.7 million" Chinese civilians.
War crimes during the Chinese Civil War	7006180000000000000♠1,800,000	7006350000000000000♠3,500,000	7006250998000000000♠2,509,980	China	1927	1950	23 years	During the war, both Nationalists and Communists carried out mass atrocities, with millions of non-combatants deliberately killed by both sides.
War crimes during the First and Second Sudanese Civil Wars	7006200000000000000♠2,000,000	7006200000000000000♠2,000,000	7006200000000000000♠2,000,000	Sudan	1956	2005	49 years
War crimes during the Soviet–Afghan War	7005500000000000000♠500,000	7006200000000000000♠2,000,000	7006100000000000000♠1,000,000	Afghanistan	1979	1989	10 years	Some refer to the mass murder of civilians during the Soviet Invasion as a genocide, however those killed were on the basis of political alignment making it a politicide.
War crimes of Zhang Xianzhong	7006100000000000000♠1,000,000	7006100000000000000♠1,000,000	7006100000000000000♠1,000,000	Sichuan, China	1644	1646	2 years	Committed during a bloody peasant revolt that massacred a large portion of Sichuan's population.
War crimes during Warlord Era China	7005910000000000000♠910,000	7005910000000000000♠910,000	7005910000000000000♠910,000	China	1900	1927	27 years
War crimes during the Second Italo-Ethiopian War	7004620000000000000♠62,000	7005485000000000000♠485,000	7005173407000000000♠173,407	Ethiopia	1935	1941	6 years	Angelo Del Boca, The Ethiopian War 1935–1941 (1965), cites a 1945 memorandum from Ethiopia to the Conference of Prime Ministers, which tallies 760,300 natives dead; of them: battle deaths: 275,000, hunger among refugees: 300,000, patriots killed during occupation: 78,500, concentration camps: 35,000, Feb. 1937 massacre: 30,000, executions: 24,000, civilians killed by air force: 17,800.
Mongol sacking after the Siege of Baghdad (1258)	7005200000000000000♠200,000	7006200000000000000♠2,000,000	7005632456000000000♠632,456	Baghdad	January 29, 1258	February 10, 1258	12 days	Mass slaughter of civilians by the Mongols in Baghdad. Considered to be the end of the "Islamic Golden Age."
War crimes during the Angolan Civil War	7005500000000000000♠500,000	7005500000000000000♠500,000	7005500000000000000♠500,000	Angola	1975	2002	27 years	The 27-year war can be divided roughly into three periods of major fighting – 1975–91, 1992–94, and 1998 to 2002 – broken up by fragile periods of peace. By the time the MPLA achieved victory in 2002, more than 500,000 people had died and over one million had been internally displaced. The war devastated Angola's infrastructure, and severely damaged the nation's public administration, economic enterprises, and religious institutions.
Biological warfare and human experimentation by the Imperial Japanese Army during World War II	7005400000000000000♠400,000	7005580000000000000♠580,000	7005481664000000000♠481,664	Parts of Russia and China especially Manchuria	1931	1945	14 years	See also: Unit 731 and the Asian Holocaust.
War crimes during the Maratha invasions of Bengal	7005400000000000000♠400,000	7005400000000000000♠400,000	7005400000000000000♠400,000	Bengal and Bihar regions of Indian subcontinent	1741	1751	10 years	Maratha Empire invaded Bengal Subah, occupied the western Bengal and Bihar regions, and perpetrated atrocities against the local population.
War crimes during La Violencia	7005200000000000000♠200,000	7005300000000000000♠300,000	7005244949000000000♠244,949	Colombia	1948	1958	10 years	La Violencia was a ten-year period of civil war and violence in Colombia from 1948–58, between the Colombian Conservative Party and the Colombian Liberal Party, fought mainly in the rural countryside. Death toll may include non-civilian victims.
War crimes during the Philippine–American War	7005200000000000000♠200,000	7005250000000000000♠250,000	7005223607000000000♠223,607	Philippines	1899	1902	3 years
Manila Massacre	7005100000000000000♠100,000	7005500000000000000♠500,000	7005223607000000000♠223,607	Manila, Philippines	7003194500000000000♠1945	7003194500000000000♠1945	1 month
War crimes during the Colombian conflict	7005177307000000000♠177,307	7005177307000000000♠177,307	7005177307000000000♠177,307	Colombia	1964	present	54 years
War crimes during the War in the Vendée	7005100000000000000♠100,000	7005250000000000000♠250,000	7005158114000000000♠158,114	France during the French Revolution	7003179300000000000♠1793	7003179600000000000♠1796	3 years	Described as genocide by some historians, but this claim has been widely discounted. See also: French Revolution.
War crimes during the First and Second Chechen Wars	7004550000000000000♠55,000	7005330000000000000♠330,000	7005134722000000000♠134,722	Chechnya	1994	2009	15 years
War crimes during the Iran–Iraq War	7004610000000000000♠61,000	7005282000000000000♠282,000	7005131156000000000♠131,156	Iran and Iraq	1980	1988	8 years	11,000 to 100,000 civilians killed on both sides, plus 50 to 182 killed in Kurdish Genocide.
War crimes committed by South Vietnam during the Diem era and Vietnam War	7004570000000000000♠57,000	7005284000000000000♠284,000	7005127232000000000♠127,232	Vietnam	1954	1975	21 years
War crimes during the Syrian Civil War	7005106390000000000♠106,390	110,218	7005108287000000000♠108,287	Syria	2011	present	7 years	See also: List of massacres during the Syrian Civil War
War crimes of the Viet Cong	7004367250000000000♠36,725	7005227000000000000♠227,000	7004913050000000000♠91,305	Vietnam	1955	1975	20 years
War crimes during the Second Italo-Senussi War	7004800000000000000♠80,000	7005125000000000000♠125,000	7005100000000000000♠100,000	Libya	1923	1932	9 years	Specific war crimes alleged to have been committed by the Italian armed forces against civilians include deliberate bombing of civilians, killing unarmed children, women, and the elderly; rape and disembowelment of women; throwing prisoners out of aircraft to their death, running over others with tanks, regular daily executions of civilians in some areas, and bombing tribal villages with mustard gas bombs, beginning in 1930.
War crimes of the Lord's Resistance Army	7005100000000000000♠100,000	7005100000000000000♠100,000	7005100000000000000♠100,000	Uganda, Central African Republic, and the Democratic Republic of Congo	1986	2009	23 years	The Guardian reported in 2015 that Kony's forces had been responsible for the deaths of over 100,000 people and the kidnapping of at least 60,000 children. Various atrocities committed include raping young girls and abducting them for use as sex slaves.
War crimes of the National Islamic Front	7005100000000000000♠100,000	7005100000000000000♠100,000	7005100000000000000♠100,000	Sudan	1964	1999	35 years	Alleged human rights abuses by the NIF regime included war crimes, ethnic cleansing, a revival of slavery, torture of opponents, and an unprecedented number of refugees fleeing into Uganda, Kenya, Eritrea, Egypt, Europe and North America.
War crimes during the Papua conflict	7005100000000000000♠100,000	7005100000000000000♠100,000	7005100000000000000♠100,000	West Papua	1963	present	55 years	Since Indonesia has taken control of West Papua in 1963, the population of West Papua has recorded more than 100,000 unnatural deaths. The administration of West Papua has been called a police state.
War crimes during the Kashmir Conflict	7004470000000000000♠47,000	7005100000000000000♠100,000	7004685560000000000♠68,556	Jammu and Kashmir, India	1947	present	71 years	See also: Human Rights Abuses in Jammu and Kashmir, Insurgency in Jammu and Kashmir, List of massacres in Jammu and Kashmir
The Rape of Nanking	7004130000000000000♠13,000 (all victims) 7003500000000000000♠5,000 (Civilian massacre victims)	7005400000000000000♠400,000 (all victims) 7005100000000000000♠100,000 (Civilian massacre victims)	7004721110000000000♠72,111 (all victims) 7004223610000000000♠22,361 (Civilian massacre victims)	Nanking, China	7003193700000000000♠1937	7003193800000000000♠1938	1 year	The Nanking Massacre, commonly known as the Rape of Nanking, was a war crime committed by the Japanese military in Nanjing, then capital of the Republic of China, after it fell to the Imperial Japanese Army on December 13, 1937. See: Death toll of the Nanking Massacre.
War crimes during the Internal conflict in Peru	7004610070000000000♠61,007 [see notes]	7004775520000000000♠77,552[see notes]	7004687840000000000♠68,784[see notes]	Peru	7003198000000000000♠1980	7003200000000000000♠2000	20 years	In the late 20th century, the Peruvian government (armed forces and civil rondas) fought against communist terrorists in Peru. The principal actors in the war were the Communist Party of Peru or "Shining Path" and the government of Peru; the Tupac Amaru Revolutionary Movement was also involved and other paramilitary entities. Peru's Truth and Reconciliation Commission reached a figure of approx. 68,784 deaths and disappearances, of which 54% were ascribed to Shining Path, 1.5% to Tupac Amaru and 37% to State officials, who were also responsible for 83% of reported cases of sexual violence, and systematic use of torture. An academic research published in 2019 contests the Commission's methodology, reaching a total figure of approx. 47,849, of which 27,872 were victims of State officials, 18,341 of the Shining Path, and 1,636 by all other actors.
War crimes during the Sheikh Said rebellion	7004173210000000000♠ 15,000 20,000	7005100000000000000♠ 40,000 250,000	7004416180000000000♠ 24,495 70,711	Turkey	1925	1925	1 month	The Sheikh Said Rebellion was a rebellion to revive the Islamic Caliphate System, and used elements of Kurdish nationalism for recruiting. It was led by Sheikh Said and a group of former Ottoman soldiers, known as Hamidiye soldiers. The rebellion was of two Kurdish groups, the Zaza people and the speakers of the related Kurmanji dialect of Kurdish: it "was led specifically by the Zaza population and received almost full support in the entire Zaza region and some of the neighbouring Kurmanji-dominated regions".
Violations of Human rights in ISIL-controlled territory				Iraq, Syria, Afghanistan, Libya, Philippines, Nigeria and sporadic terrorism worldwide	2014	present	7 years	ISIS has existed as an active terrorist organization in one form or another since at least 2003. Many tens of thousands of casualties in the Iraqi wars of the 21st century can be attributed to them and their parent organizations. See also the death tolls from 2014 onwards in International military intervention against ISIL
War Crimes during the Sri Lankan Civil War	7003700000000000000♠7,000	7004400000000000000♠40,000	7004167330000000000♠16,733	Sri Lanka	1983	2009	26 years	There are allegations that war crimes were committed by the Sri Lankan military and the rebel Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam (Tamil Tigers) during the Sri Lankan Civil War, particularly during the final months of the Eelam War IV phase in 2009. The alleged war crimes include attacks on civilians and civilian buildings by both sides; executions of combatants and prisoners by both sides; enforced disappearances by the Sri Lankan military and paramilitary groups backed by them; acute shortages of food, medicine, and clean water for civilians trapped in the war zone; and child recruitment by the Tamil Tigers. 「Alleged war crimes during the final stages of the Sri Lankan Civil War」も参照
Sack of Thessalonica (904)	7004150000000000000♠15,000	7004150000000000000♠15,000	7004150000000000000♠15,000	Byzantine Empire	7002904000000000000♠904	7002904000000000000♠904	?	The sack of the second city of the Byzantine Empire by a Muslim fleet under the command of Leo of Tripoli. In addition to the thousands killed, the Saracen fleet also took 20,000 Greek slaves.
Use of child soldiers in Iran during the Iran–Iraq war	7003600000000000000♠6,000	7004180000000000000♠18,000	7004103920000000000♠10,392	Iran	1980	1988	8 years	3% of two to six hundred thousand casualties.
Massacres during the Algerian Civil War	7004100000000000000♠10,000	7004100000000000000♠10,000	7004100000000000000♠10,000	Algeria	1991	2002	11 years
War crimes during the Russian military intervention in the Syrian Civil War	7003808500000000000♠8,085	7003808500000000000♠8,085	7003808500000000000♠8,085	Syria	September 2015	present	4 years	See also: Russian military intervention in the Syrian Civil War.
War crimes during the Balochistan conflict	7003762800000000000♠7,628	7003762800000000000♠7,628	7003762800000000000♠7,628	Balochistan, Pakistan	1937	present	81 years
September 11 attacks	7003297700000000000♠2,977	7003297700000000000♠2,977	7003297700000000000♠2,977	United States	September 11, 2001	September 11, 2001	1 day
War crimes during the War in Donbass	7003200000000000000♠2,000	7003200000000000000♠2,000	7003200000000000000♠2,000	Donbass, Ukraine	2014	present	4 years
Sabra and Shatila massacre	7002460000000000000♠460	7003350000000000000♠3,500	7003126900000000000♠1,269	West Beirut, Lebanon	September 16, 1982	September 18, 1982	2 days	Massacre of a Palestinian refugee camp by Lebanese Christians.
Fort Pillow massacre	7002235000000000000♠235	7002235000000000000♠235	7002235000000000000♠235	Lauderdale County, Tennessee	April 12, 1864	April 12, 1864	1 day	Death toll includes both U.S. and Confederate dead. U.S. dead includes those both killed in combat and murdered by the Confederates afterwards.
Lawrence massacre	7002204000000000000♠204	7002204000000000000♠204	7002204000000000000♠204	Douglas County, Kansas	August 21, 1863	August 21, 1863	1 day	Death toll includes both U.S. and Confederate dead. Deadliest terrorist attack in U.S. history until the Oklahoma City bombing of 1995.

Genocides, ethnic cleansing, and mass ethnic and/or religious persecution

詳細は「List of genocides by death toll」および「Genocides in history」を参照

This section lists events that entail the mass murder (or death caused by the forced eviction) of individuals on the basis of race, religion, or ethnicity.

この一覧は未完成です。加筆、訂正して下さる協力者を求めています。

Event	Lowest estimate	Highest estimate	Geometric mean estimate	Location	From	Until	Duration	Notes
Generalplan Ost (World War II casualties of the Soviet Union)	7007136847000000000♠13,684,700	7007400000000000000♠40,000,000	7007233963240000000♠23,396,324	German-occupied Europe and Russia	1939	1945	6 years	Germany's extermination of Slavic peoples and citizens of the Soviet Union. Figure given is both as intentional genocide and overall civilian war casualties.
Genocide of indigenous peoples in the Americas	7006200000000000000♠2,000,000	7008138000000000000♠138,000,000(mostly by disease)	7007166132480000000♠16,613,248	North and South America	1492	1996	504 years	While the overall toll of man made deaths of Amerindians is unknown, there have been a few known events in which many Amerindians perished. Thousands to millions more killed in forced labor, wars and massacres; Covers both North and South America Unknown number of Apache killed for bounty See also: Spanish colonization of the Americas, Encomienda system, Mexican Indian Wars, List of Indian massacres
The Holocaust	7006420000000000000♠4,200,000	7006630000000000000♠6,300,000	7006514392800000000♠5,143,928	German-occupied Europe	1941	1945	4 years	The systematic and bureaucratic genocide of European Jews by Germany and its puppet states.
Holodomor	7006271100000000000♠2,711,000	7006781100000000000♠7,811,000	7006460169800000000♠4,601,698	Ukraine	1932	1933	1 year	The term "Ukrainian Genocide" usually refers to the man-made famine of 1932 through 1933, called the Holodomor, in which the grain of Ukrainians was confiscated to the point where they could not survive off the amount of grain they had, and were also restricted from fleeing their villages to find food under threat of execution or deportation into a Gulag camp. The term also includes the killing of Ukrainian intelligentsia during the Great Purge, especially the Orthodox Church. The main advocate for this view was Raphael Lemkin, creator of the word genocide. Data from after the opening of the Soviet archives records deaths at 2.4 to 7.5 million in famine, 300,000 during the purge, and 1,100 from the Law of Spikelets. Some scholars dispute that the famine was deliberately engineered by the Soviet government or that it was a genocide. – Part of the Soviet famine of 1932–33
Nazi crimes against the Polish nation	7006277000000000000♠2,770,000	7006277000000000000♠2,770,000	7006277000000000000♠2,770,000	German-occupied Poland	1941	1945	4 years	Genocide of Christian Poles during the invasion of Poland by Germany.
Three Alls Policy	7006270000000000000♠2,700,000	7006270000000000000♠2,700,000	7006270000000000000♠2,700,000	China	1940	1942	2 years	In a study published in 1996, historian Mitsuyoshi Himeta claims that the Three Alls Policy, a scorched earth policy implemented by the Imperial Japanese Army on China, sanctioned by Emperor Hirohito himself, was both directly and indirectly responsible for the deaths of "more than 2.7 million" Chinese civilians.– Part of the Japanese war crimes
Cambodian genocide	7006138673400000000♠1,386,734	7006340000000000000♠3,400,000	7006217138100000000♠2,171,381	Democratic Kampuchea	1975	1979	4 years	Deaths due to arbitrary torture, execution, starvation, and forced labor among the population of Cambodia under the rule of Pol Pot and the Khmer Rouge, including both killings of ethnic Khmer (the majority ethnic group) as well as a genocide of religious and ethnic minorities by the Khmer Rouge. Minimum death toll is the number of corpses found in the Killing Fields. Samuel Totten argues the mass killings were committed by fellow Khmer, and the Khmer were killed more in proportion to their population than other victims of the Khmer Rouge, making it more of a politicide. These killings have been described as autogenocide or civil genocide. According to Samuel Totten 7006132500000000000♠1,325,000 ethnic Khmers were killed.
Rwandan and Burundian genocides	7005905000000000000♠905,000	7006159500000000000♠1,595,000	7006123419000000000♠1,234,190	Burundi, Rwanda, and Zaire	1959	1997	38 years	Combined death toll of all genocides and other massacres between the Hutus and the Tutsis. Regarded as the most efficient genocide of the 20th century, the Rwandan genocide was the disorganized communal mass murder of Tutsis, by their rival tribe the Hutu through the Rwandan government and Hutu Power militias such as the Interahamwe and Impuzamugambi. Violence peaked in the hundred days between April 7, 1994 and July 15, 1994, during which time between 500,000 and 1,000,000 people were killed.
Population transfer in the Soviet Union	7006100000000000000♠1,000,000	7006150000000000000♠1,500,000	7006122474500000000♠1,224,745	Soviet Union	1920	1951	31 years	May include casualties of decossackization.
Flight and expulsion of Germans (1944–50)	7005500000000000000♠500,000	7006300000000000000♠3,000,000	7006122474500000000♠1,224,745	Eastern Europe	1944	1950	6 years	Both direct and indirect deaths of ethnic German civilians and POWs during the redrawing of national borders after World War II.
Kazakh famine of 1932–1933	7006150000000000000♠1,500,000	7006230000000000000♠2,300,000	7006185741800000000♠1,857,418	Kazakhstan	1932	1933	1 year	– Part of the Soviet famine of 1932–33
Armenian Genocide	7005800000000000000♠800,000	7006150000000000000♠1,500,000	7006109544500000000♠1,095,445	Ottoman Empire	1914	1918	4 years	The first genocide of the 20th century to kill over 1,000,000 people, this event was conducted by the Young Turks government of the Ottoman Empire under the administration of Talaat Pasha, Enver Pasha and Djemal Pasha.
Persecution of Hazara people during the 1888–1893 Uprisings of Hazaras	7005400000000000000♠400,000	7006250000000000000♠2,500,000	7006100000000000000♠1,000,000	Afghanistan	1888	1893	5 years	Over 60% of the Hazara population were either massacred or displaced in Abdur Rahman Khan's crackdown of the Hazaras.
Punti-Hakka Clan Wars	7006100000000000000♠1,000,000	7006100000000000000♠1,000,000	7006100000000000000♠1,000,000	China	1850	1867	17 years	After the fall of the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom the Qing government cracked down on the Hakka ethnic group for allying with the kingdom slaughtering 30,000 per day. The death toll of the Punti-Hakka Clan Wars is estimated to be 1,000,000 and there was also a mass execution done during the Taiping Rebellion. It is unclear whether these events refer to the Qing crackdown. If this death toll is applied to the estimated death rate, the massacre likely took place over the course of a month.
French conquest of Algeria	7005500000000000000♠500,000	7006100000000000000♠1,000,000	7005707107000000000♠707,107	Algeria	1827	1875	48 years	Within the first three decades, the French military massacred between half a million to one million from approximately three million Algerian people.
Partition of India	7005200000000000000♠200,000	7006200000000000000♠2,000,000	7005632456000000000♠632,456	India	1947	1957	10 years	In the riots which preceded the partition in the Punjab Province, it is believed that between 200,000 and 2,000,000 people were killed in the retributive genocide between Hindus and Muslims.
Dzungar genocide	7005480000000000000♠480,000	7005600000000000000♠600,000	7005536656000000000♠536,656	Dzungar Khanate	1755	1758	3 years	The mass extermination of Dzungar Mongols by the Qing dynasty under the order of the Qianlong Emperor.
Greek genocide	7005289000000000000♠289,000	7005750000000000000♠750,000	7005465564000000000♠465,564	Ottoman Empire	1913	1922	9 years	Violent ethnic cleansing of Greeks from their historical homeland of Anatolia.
Persecution of Serbs in the Independent State of Croatia	7005200000000000000♠200,000	7006100000000000000♠1,000,000	7005447214000000000♠447,214	Independent State of Croatia	1941	1945	4 years	Genocide of Serbs by the Ustaše government of the Independent State of Croatia
Circassian genocide	7005400000000000000♠400,000	7005500000000000000♠500,000	7005447214000000000♠447,214	Circassia	1864	1867	3 years	Deaths from mass expulsion of Circassians after Russian conquest.
Albigensian Crusade	7005200000000000000♠200,000	7006100000000000000♠1,000,000	7005447214000000000♠447,214	Languedoc, France	1209	1229	20 years	Raphael Lemkin, well known as the coiner of the term "genocide", referred to the Albigensian Crusade as "one of the most conclusive cases of genocide in religious history".
Soviet killings of Polish peoples (Polish Operation of the NKVD (1937–38) and Soviet repressions of Polish citizens (1939–1946))	7005260000000000000♠260,000	7005750000000000000♠750,000	7005441588000000000♠441,588	Soviet Union and Poland	1937	1946	9 years
Genocide of indigenous peoples in Brazil	7005235000000000000♠235,000	7005800000000000000♠800,000	7005433590000000000♠433,590	Brazil	1900	1985	85 years	– Part of the Genocide of indigenous peoples in the Americas
Occupation of Tibet	7005144000000000000♠144,000	7006120000000000000♠1,200,000	7005415692000000000♠415,692	Tibet	1950	present	68 years	In 1960, the western-based nongovernmental International Commission of Jurists (ICJ) gave a report titled Tibet and the Chinese People's Republic to the United Nations. The report was prepared by the ICJ's Legal Inquiry Committee, composed of eleven international lawyers from around the world. This report accused the Chinese of the crime of genocide in Tibet, after nine years of full occupation, six years before the devastation of the cultural revolution began. The ICJ also documented accounts of massacres, tortures and killings, bombardment of monasteries, and extermination of whole nomad camps. Declassified Soviet archives provides data that Chinese communists, who received a great assistance in military equipment from the Soviets, broadly used Soviet aircraft for bombing monasteries and other punitive operations in Tibet.Template:Quote needed
Romani Genocide	7005220000000000000♠220,000	7005500000000000000♠500,000	7005331662000000000♠331,662	Nazi occupied Europe	1941	1945	4 years	The genocide of Romani by Nazi Germany and its puppet states.
1971 Bangladesh genocide	7004260000000000000♠ 26,000	7006300000000000000♠3,000,000	7005279285000000000♠279,285	East Pakistan	March 21, 1971	December 16, 1971	8 months, 2 weeks and 3 days	See also: Bangladesh Liberation War, Operation Searchlight, List of massacres in Bangladesh, Rape during the Bangladesh Liberation War
Chinese genocide under Khmer Rouge	7005215000000000000♠215,000	7005225000000000000♠225,000	7005219943000000000♠219,943	Democratic Kampuchea	1975	1979	4 years	More than half of the Chinese population of Cambodia were slaughtered by the Khmer Rouge.– Part of the Cambodian genocide
Assyrian genocide	7005150000000000000♠150,000	7005300000000000000♠300,000	7005212132000000000♠212,132	Ottoman Empire	1914	1920	6 years	One of the various genocides and ethnic cleansings the Ottoman Empire committed under the administration of the Young Turks.
Cham genocide under Khmer Rouge	7004900000000000000♠90,000	7005500000000000000♠500,000	7005212132000000000♠212,132	Democratic Kampuchea	1975	1979	4 years	The genocide slaughtered over 70% of the Cham Muslim population in Cambodia according to themselves. According to Ben Kiernan, Cham were subjected to the most brutal treatment of those persecuted by the Khmer Rouge and subjected to the slaughter of 36% of their population according to Samuel Totten. – Part of the Cambodian genocide
Massacres of Hutu refugees during the First Congo War	7005200000000000000♠200,000	7005220000000000000♠220,000	7005209762000000000♠209,762	Zaire	1996	1997	1 year	During the First Congo War, Rwanda was able to destroy refugee camps, which the génocidaires had been using as their safe-bases, and forcibly repatriate Tutsi to Rwanda. During this process, Rwandan and aligned forces committed multiple atrocities, mainly against Hutu refugees. The true extent of the abuses is unknown because the AFDL and RPF carefully managed NGO and press access to areas where atrocities were thought to have occurred; however, Amnesty International claimed as many as 200,000 Rwandese Hutu refugees were massacred by them and the Rwandan Defence Forces and aligned forces. The United Nations similarly documented mass killings of civilians by Rwandan, Ugandan and the ADFL soldiers in the DRC Mapping Exercise Report.
Extermination of the Wu Hu	7005200000000000000♠200,000	7005200000000000000♠200,000	7005200000000000000♠200,000	Northern China	350	351	1 year	Ancient Chinese texts record that General Ran Min ordered the extermination of the Wu Hu, especially the Jie people, during the Wei–Jie war in the fourth century AD. People with racial characteristics such as high-bridged noses and bushy beards were killed; in total, 200,000 were reportedly massacred.
Cromwellian conquest of Ireland	7005200000000000000♠200,000	7005200000000000000♠200,000	7005200000000000000♠200,000	Ireland	1649	1653	4 years	The Parliamentarian reconquest of Ireland was brutal, and Cromwell is still a hated figure in Ireland. The extent to which Cromwell, who was in direct command for the first year of the campaign, was responsible for the atrocities is debated to this day. Some historians argue that the actions of Cromwell were within the then-accepted rules of war, or were exaggerated or distorted by later propagandists. These arguments, in turn, have been challenged by others.
Caste War of Yucatán	7005200000000000000♠200,000	7005200000000000000♠200,000	7005200000000000000♠200,000	Yucatán Peninsula, Mexico	1847	1901	54 years	The Caste War of Yucatán against the population of European descent, called Yucatecos, who held political and economic control of the region. Adam Jones wrote, "Genocidal atrocities on both sides cost up to 200,000 killed."– Part of the Genocide of indigenous peoples in the Americas
Great Famine of Mount Lebanon	7005200000000000000♠200,000	7005200000000000000♠200,000	7005200000000000000♠200,000	Mount Lebanon	1915	1918	3 years	One of the various genocides and ethnic cleansings the Ottoman Empire committed under the administration of the Young Turks.
Third Punic War	7005150000000000000♠150,000	7005250000000000000♠250,000	7005193649000000000♠193,649	Tunisia	149 BC	146 BC	3 years	This war was a much smaller engagement than the two previous Punic Wars and focused on Tunisia, mainly on the Siege of Carthage, which resulted in the complete destruction of the city, the annexation of all remaining Carthaginian territory by Rome, and the death or enslavement of the entire Carthaginian population. The Third Punic War ended Carthage's independent existence.
Destruction of Kurdish villages during the Iraqi Arabization campaign	7004875000000000000♠87,500	7005388100000000000♠388,100	7005184279000000000♠184,279	Iraq	1977	1991	14 years	87,500 to 388,100 Kurds were killed in the destruction of Kurdish villages during the Iraqi Arabization campaign including: 2,500 to 12,500 in the Ba'athist Arabization campaigns in North Iraq, 10,000 to 25,000 were killed during the Feyli Kurds operation, 5,000 to 8,000 Kurds were disappeared in the 1983 Barzani killings, 50,000 to 100,000 (although Kurdish sources have cited a higher figure of 182,000) more Kurds were massacred in the Anfal genocide, and at least 20,000 were killed during the 1991 Iraqi uprising notwithstanding an additional 48,400 to 140,600 Kurdish refugees that starved to death along the Iranian and Turkish borders.
Darfur genocide	7004630000000000000♠63,000 7004100000000000000♠10,000 (Sudan)	7005450000000000000♠450,000 7005300000000000000♠300,000 (U.N.)	7005168375000000000♠168,375 (non-government estimates) 7004547720000000000♠54,772 (government estimates)	Darfur, Sudan	2003	present	15 years	The War in Darfur is a major armed conflict in the Darfur region of Sudan that began in February 2003 when the Sudan Liberation Movement (SLM) and Justice and Equality Movement (JEM) rebel groups began fighting the government of Sudan, which they accused of oppressing Darfur's non-Arab population. The government responded to attacks by carrying out a campaign of ethnic cleansing against Darfur's non-Arabs. This resulted in the deaths of hundreds of thousands of civilians and the indictment of Sudan's president Omar al-Bashir for genocide, war crimes, and crimes against humanity by the International Criminal Court.
Polish Operation of the NKVD	7005110000000000000♠110,000	7005250000000000000♠250,000	7005165831000000000♠165,831	Soviet Union	1937	1938	1 year	The operation from 1937 to 1938 to eliminate the Polish minority in the Soviet Union.
Deportation of the Chechens and Ingush	7005123000000000000♠123,000	7005200000000000000♠200,000	7005156843000000000♠156,843	Soviet Union	February 1944	March 1944	1 month	Expulsion of the whole of the Vainakh (Chechen and Ingush) populations of the North Caucasus to Central Asia.
Hamidian Massacres	7004800000000000000♠80,000	7005300000000000000♠300,000	7005154919000000000♠154,919	Ottoman Empire	1894	1896	2 years	Mass murder of Armenian (and other Christian) civilians under Sultan Abdul Hamid II that foreshadowed the Armenian Genocide.
Indonesian occupation of East Timor	7004600000000000000♠60,000	7005308000000000000♠308,000	7005135941000000000♠135,941	East Timor	7003197400000000000♠1974	7003199900000000000♠1999	25 years	The civilian deaths under the Indonesian occupation of East Timor, including killings, disappearances, and deaths caused by conflict-related hunger and illness, resulted in an enormous proportional loss of life upon the island some estimating as high as 13% up to almost a third to almost 44% of the population.
Massacres of Poles in Volhynia and Eastern Galicia	7004600000000000000♠60,000	7005300000000000000♠300,000	7005134164000000000♠134,164	Volhyn and Eastern Galicia	1943	1944	1 year	Genocide of Polish civilian population in Volhynia and Eastern Galicia by the Ukrainian Insurgent Army (UPA).
1972 Genocide of Burundian Hutus	7004800000000000000♠80,000	7005210000000000000♠210,000	7005129615000000000♠129,615	Burundi	1972	1972	?	Communal mass murder of Hutus by their rival tribe the Tutsi in Burundi. – Part of the Rwandan and Burundian genocides
Anti-Jewish pogroms in the Russian Empire	7004520000000000000♠52,000	7005254500000000000♠254,500	7005115039000000000♠115,039	Russian Empire	1903–1906	1917–1922	19 years	The massacres of Jews in the Russian Empire reached their peak in the early 20th century, through the killing of thousands from 1903 to 1906 and tens to hundreds of thousands from 1917 to 1922.
Kurdish Rebellions in Turkey	7004338350000000000♠33,835	7005357000000000000♠357,000	7005109905000000000♠109,905	Turkey	1921	present	97 years	All casualties from the various Kurdish uprisings against the Turkish state. 7,594 to 40,000: Dersim rebellion 15,000 to 250,000: Sheikh Said rebellion 6,741 to 20,000: Modern Turk-Kurd conflict 4,500 to 47,000: Ararat rebellion
Deportation of the Crimean Tatars	7005100000000000000♠100,000	7005100000000000000♠100,000	7005100000000000000♠100,000	Soviet Union	1944	1945	1 year	Often considered an ethnic cleansing, and Ukraine considers the event genocide.
Massacres of European colonists during the rebellions of Túpac Amaru II and Túpac Katari	7005100000000000000♠100,000	7005100000000000000♠100,000	7005100000000000000♠100,000	Present day Peru	1780	1782	2 years	The indigenous rebellions of Túpac Amaru II and Túpac Katari against the Spanish between 1780 and 1782, cost over 100,000 colonists' lives in Peru and Upper Peru (present-day Bolivia).
Spanish repressions of Dutch Protestants	7005100000000000000♠100,000	7005100000000000000♠100,000	7005100000000000000♠100,000	The Low Countries	1566	1609	43 years	100,000 massacred under Charles V and Philip II during the Eighty Years' War.
Al-Anfal genocide	7004500000000000000♠50,000	7005182000000000000♠182,000	7004953940000000000♠95,394	Iraq	1986	1989	3 years	The Kurdish genocide led by Ali Hassan al-Majid under the order of Saddam Hussein.
Atrocities against Harkis after the Algerian War	7004500000000000000♠50,000	7005150000000000000♠150,000	7004866030000000000♠86,603	Algeria	1962	?	?	The Harkis were seen as traitors by many Algerians, and many of those who stayed behind suffered severe reprisals after independence. French historians estimate that somewhere between 50,000 and 150,000 Harkis and members of their families were killed by the FLN or by lynch mobs in Algeria, often in atrocious circumstances or after torture.
Aktion T4	7004702730000000000♠70,273	7004935210000000000♠93,521	7004810680000000000♠81,068	Nazi Germany	1939	1941	2 years	A euthanasia program in Nazi Germany used to purge those deemed genetically deficient.
Italian Pacification of Libya	7004800000000000000♠80,000	7004800000000000000♠80,000	7004800000000000000♠80,000	Libya	1923	1932	9 years
Guatemalan genocide	7004350000000000000♠35,000	7005166000000000000♠166,000	7004762230000000000♠76,223	Guatemala	1960	1996	36 years	According to the Historical Clarification Commission, 140,000 to 200,000 were killed or disappeared, and at least 42,275 were killed by human rights violations during the Guatemalan Civil War, of which 93% were from officially sanctioned government terror and 83% of the victims were Maya. – Part of the Genocide of indigenous peoples in the Americas
Racial violence during the Rwandan Revolution	7004600000000000000♠ 50,000 Hutus and tens of thousands of Tutsis			Burundi and Rwanda	1959	1962	3 years
Indian annexation of Hyderabad	7004270000000000000♠27,000	7005200000000000000♠200,000	7004734850000000000♠73,485	Hyderabad State, India	1948	1948	5 days
Decossackization	7003500000000000000♠5,000	7006100000000000000♠1,000,000	7004707110000000000♠70,711	Former Russian Empire	1917	1933	16 years	Violent class purge, ethnic cleansing, and mass murder of Cossacks, especially Kuban and Don Cossacks, by the Bolsheviks.
Effacer le tableau	7004600000000000000♠60,000	7004700000000000000♠70,000	7004648070000000000♠64,807	Democratic Republic of Congo	1998	2003	5 years	Pygmy peoples were murdered en masse as they were regarded as subhumans.
Herero and Namaqua genocide	7004340000000000000♠34,000	7005110000000000000♠110,000	7004611560000000000♠61,156	German South-West Africa	1904	1907	3 years	Genocides of the Herero and Nama peoples by the German Empire during the Herero Wars.
Ethnic cleansing and genocide committed by all sides during the Yugoslav Wars	7004528560000000000♠52,856	7004649170000000000♠64,917	7004585770000000000♠58,577	Yugoslavia and successor states	1991	2001	10 years	All civilians killed in the Yugoslav Wars including events such as the Srebrenica Massacre, Žepa Massacre, Lašva Valley ethnic cleansing, and other atrocities. 69.8% to 82% of civilian victims of the Bosnian War were Bosniak. During the War in Croatia, 43.4% of the killed on the Croatian side were civilians. 34,764 to 40,330: Bosnian War 10,844 to 14,661: Kosovo War 7,158 to 9,836: Croatian War of Independence 90: 2001 insurgency in the Republic of Macedonia
American Indian Wars of the United States	7004490000000000000♠49,000	7004640000000000000♠64,000	7004560000000000000♠56,000	Now the United States	1511	1890	389 years	From the U.S. Bureau of the Census (1894): "The Indian wars under the government of the United States have been more than 40 in number. They have cost the lives of about 19,000 white people, including those killed in individual combats, and the lives of about 30,000 Indians. The actual number of killed and wounded Indians must be very much higher than the given ... Fifty percent additional would be a safe estimate ..." Part of the Genocide of indigenous peoples in the Americas.
Massacres of Polish civilians during the Warsaw Uprising	7004500000000000000♠50,000	7004600000000000000♠60,000	7004547720000000000♠54,772	Occupied Poland	7003194460000000000♠ August 5, 1944 ||7003194462000000000♠ August 12, 1944	1 week	Polish fatalities in districts of Wola and Ochota committed during Warsaw Uprising
1993 Genocide of Burundian Tutsis	7004500000000000000♠50,000	7004500000000000000♠50,000	7004500000000000000♠50,000	Burundi	1993	1993	?	Communal mass murder of Tutsis by their rival tribe the Hutu in Burundi. – Part of the Rwandan and Burundian genocides
Witch trials in the early modern period	7004200000000000000♠20,000	7005100000000000000♠100,000	7004447210000000000♠44,721	Europe	1400	1800	300 years
British concentration camps during the Second Boer War	7004260000000000000♠26,000	7004400000000000000♠40,000	7004322490000000000♠32,249	Transvaal	1900	1902	2 years	Lord Kitchener led the British army against the Boer Republics in the Second Boer War in Southern Africa. In an attempt to pacify Boer guerrillas, he targeted their families, and 116,000 Boer women and children were captured and jailed by the British, Within 2 years, 22,074 children died and 4,177 women died due to deliberate neglect by the British. 115,000 black people were separately jailed, of whom 15,000 died in prison camps.
Great Fire of Smyrna	7004100000000000000♠10,000	7005100000000000000♠100,000	7004316230000000000♠31,623	Smyrna, Ottoman Empire	7003192270000000000♠ September 9, 1922	7003192273000000000♠ September 24, 1922	15 days	Fires set during attacks on Greeks and Armenians by Turkish mobs and military forces in Smyrna at the end of the Greco-Turkish War (1919–1922). The violence and fires resulted in the destruction of the Greek and Armenian portions of the city and the massacre of their populations. After the attacks, 30,000 Greek and Armenian men left behind were deported by Turkish forces, many of whom were subsequently killed.
Massacres of Kyrgyz people during the Central Asian revolt of 1916	7003300000000000000♠3,000	7005270000000000000♠270,000	7004284600000000000♠28,460	Russian Empire, Kyrgyzstan	1916	1916	7 months	In 1916, there was an uprising and crackdown of Kyrgyzstanis against and by Tsarist Russia in what is now known as the Urkun. A public commission in Kyrgyzstan called the crackdown of 1916 that killed 100,000 to 270,000 Kyrgyzstanis a genocidethough Russia rejected this characterization. Russian sources put the death toll at 3,000.
Captivity of Mangalorean Catholics at Seringapatam	7004100000000000000♠10,000	7004650000000000000♠65,000	7004254950000000000♠25,495	Canara	1784	1799	15 years	A 15-year imprisonment of Mangalorean Catholics and other Christians at Seringapatam in the Indian region of Canara by Tipu Sultan, the de facto ruler of the Kingdom of Mysore.
1988 Burundian massacre of Hutus	7004250000000000000♠25,000	7004250000000000000♠25,000	7004250000000000000♠25,000	Burundi	1988	1988	?	– Part of the Rwandan and Burundian genocides
Parsley massacre	7004170000000000000♠17,000	7004350000000000000♠35,000	7004243930000000000♠24,393	Dominican Republic	October 2, 1937	October 8, 1937	6 days	Genocidal massacre of people who say perejil (Spanish: "parsley") in a French accent in order to determine if they are Afro-Haitian or Afro-Dominican.
Australian frontier wars	7004220000000000000♠22,000	7004225000000000000♠22,500	7004222490000000000♠22,249	Australia	1788	1934	146 years	Wars between Indigenous Australians and settlers in which about 20,000 aboriginal were massacred, along with two to 2,500 settlers dying in combat.See also: List of massacres of Indigenous Australians
Ethnic cleansing of Georgians in Abkhazia	7004170000000000000♠17,000	7004280000000000000♠28,000	7004218170000000000♠21,817	Abkhazia and Georgia	1992	1993	1 year	The ethnic cleansing of Georgians in Abkhazia, also known as the "massacres of Georgians in Abkhazia", and "genocide of Georgians in Abkhazia" Refers to ethnic cleansing, massacres and forced mass expulsion of thousands of ethnic Georgians
Dersim Massacre	7003759400000000000♠7,594	7004400000000000000♠40,000	7004174290000000000♠17,429	Dersim, Turkey	1937	1937	8 months	The Dersim massacre was a massacre of Kurdish people (Alevi Kurmanj and Zaza) by the Turkish government in the Dersim region of eastern Turkey, which includes parts of Tunceli Province, Elazığ Province, and Bingöl Province. The massacre occurred after a rebellion led by Seyid Riza against the Turkification policies of the Turkish government. As a result of the Turkish military campaign against the rebellion, thousands of Alevi Zazas died and many others were internally displaced due to the conflict. – Part of the Kurdish Rebellions in Turkey
1966 anti-Igbo pogrom	7004100000000000000♠10,000	7004300000000000000♠30,000	7004173210000000000♠17,321	Nigeria	May 29, 1966	October 1966	4 months, 2 days
Indian massacres in the United States frontiers	7004163490000000000♠16,349	7004163490000000000♠16,349	7004163490000000000♠16,349	What is now the United States	1511	1890	379 years	It is difficult to determine the total number of people who died as a result of Indian massacres. However, one book, The Wild Frontier: Atrocities during the American-Indian War from Jamestown Colony to Wounded Knee, presents an estimate by counting every recorded atrocity in the area that would eventually become the continental United States, from first contact (1511) to the closing of the frontier (1890). The parameters were limited to the intentional and indiscriminate murder, torture, or mutilation of civilians, the wounded, and prisoners. The results revealed that 7,193 people died from atrocities perpetrated by those of European descent, and 9,156 people died from atrocities perpetrated by Native Americans.– Part of the Genocide of indigenous peoples in the Americas
Persecution of Biharis in Bangladesh	7003100000000000000♠1,000	7005150000000000000♠150,000	7004122470000000000♠12,247	Bangladesh	1971	1971	?	Most extreme episode of the massacres of Biharis by Bengali mobs
Gukurahundi	7003375000000000000♠3,750	7004300000000000000♠30,000	7004106070000000000♠10,607	Zimbabwe	1983	1987	5 years	Ethnic cleansing and executions of members of the Ndebele by the Robert Mugabe's Fifth Brigade.
Vietnamese genocide by Khmer Rouge	7004100000000000000♠10,000	7004100000000000000♠10,000	7004100000000000000♠10,000	Democratic Kampuchea	1975	1979	4 years	100% of the Vietnamese in Cambodia were slaughtered during the genocide, according to Samuel Totten. – Part of the Cambodian genocide
Thai Genocide by Khmer Rouge	7003800000000000000♠8,000	7003800000000000000♠8,000	7003800000000000000♠8,000	Democratic Kampuchea	1975	1979	4 years	40% of Thai in Cambodia were killed during the Cambodian genocide according to Samuel Totten. – Part of the Cambodian genocide
1946 Bihar riots	7003200000000000000♠2,000	7004300000000000000♠30,000	7003774600000000000♠7,746	Bihar, British India	October 30, 1946	November 7, 1946	8 days	Killings of Bihari Muslims by Bengali Hindus in retaliation to the Direct Action Day riots.
Noakhali riots	7003500000000000000♠5,000	7004100000000000000♠10,000	7003707100000000000♠7,071	Noakhali Region, Bengal, British India	October 1946	November 1946	1 month	Killings of Bengali Hindus by Bengali Muslims in retaliation to the Direct Action Day riots.
Sétif and Guelma massacre	7003102000000000000♠1,020	7004450000000000000♠45,000	7003677500000000000♠6,775	Algeria	1945	1945	?
Deaths of indigenous children in the Canadian residential schools system	7003320100000000000♠3,201	7004320100000000000♠32,010	7004176060000000000♠17,606	Canada	1876	1996	120 years	– Part of the Genocide of indigenous peoples in the Americas
Genocide of native Tasmanians	7003300000000000000♠3,000	7004150000000000000♠15,000	7003670800000000000♠6,708	Australia	1803	1905	102 years	After the death of Fanny Cochrane Smith there were no non-mixed raced Tasmanians left in the world.
Massacres of Arabs and Indians during the Zanzibar Revolution	7003200000000000000♠2,000	7004200000000000000♠20,000	7003632500000000000♠6,325	Zanzibar	1964	1964	?	Thousands of Arabs and Indians were massacred during the Zanzibar Revolution
1964 East Pakistan riots	7003559000000000000♠5,590	7003569000000000000♠5,690	7003564000000000000♠5,640	East Pakistan	January 2, 1964	March 28, 1964	2 months, 26 days	All casualties from the various riots in East Pakistan during the year 1964. Khulna: 200–300 Dhaka: 1,000 Narayangang: 3,500 Bhulta: 267 Golkandi: 623
Simele massacre	7003500000000000000♠5,000	7003600000000000000♠6,000	7003547700000000000♠5,477	Simele, Kingdom of Iraq	August 7, 1933	August 11, 1933	4 days	The Simele massacre inspired Raphael Lemkin to create the concept of genocide.
1950 East Pakistan riots	7003480300000000000♠4,803	7003483300000000000♠4,833	7003481800000000000♠4,818	East Bengal	February 1950	March 1950	1 month	All casualties from the various riots in East Pakistan during the year 1950. 70–100: Nachole 215: Dhaka 2,500: Barisal 17: Rajshahi 2,000: Mymensingh 1: Jessore
1984 Sikh Massacre	7003280000000000000♠2,800	7003800000000000000♠8,000	7003473300000000000♠4,733	India	October 31, 1984	November 3, 1984	1 month	A series of pogroms against Sikhs primarily done by members of the Indian National Congress party due to the assassination of the prime minister.
Nellie massacre	7003219100000000000♠2,191	7004100000000000000♠10,000	7003468100000000000♠4,681	Assam, India	Six hours on February 18, 1983	Six hours on February 18, 1983	6 hours	Killings of 2191 Bengali Musims after Prime Minister Indira Gandhi's decision to give 4 million Bengali Musilms in Assam the right to vote
Laotian genocide by Khmer Rouge	7003400000000000000♠4,000	7003400000000000000♠4,000	7003400000000000000♠4,000	Democratic Kampuchea	1975	1979	4 years	40% of Laotians in Cambodia were killed during the Cambodian genocide according to Samuel Totten.– Part of the Cambodian genocide
Direct Action Day	7003400000000000000♠4,000	7003400000000000000♠4,000	7003400000000000000♠4,000	India	August 16, 1946	August 18, 1946	2 days	Also known as the Great Calcutta Killings, a day of widespread riot and manslaughter between Hindus and Muslims in the city of Calcutta (now known as Kolkata) in the Bengal province of British India.
1804 Haiti massacre	7003300000000000000♠3,000	7003500000000000000♠5,000	7003387300000000000♠3,873	Haiti	Early February 1804	April 22, 1804	?	Genocide of French people in Haiti.
Trail of Tears	7003200000000000000♠2,000	7003600000000000000♠6,000	7003346400000000000♠3,464	United States	1830	1850	20 years	The forced relocation of various Native American tribes under the order of Andrew Jackson. – Part of the Genocide of indigenous peoples in the Americas
Genocide of Yazidis by ISIL	7003200000000000000♠2,000	7003500000000000000♠5,000	7003316200000000000♠3,162	Sinjar, Iraq and Syria	2014	present	4 years	Ethnic cleansing, execution, forced conversion, rape, and enslavement of Yazidis by ISIL
Selk'nam genocide	7003250000000000000♠2,500	7003390000000000000♠3,900	7003312200000000000♠3,122	Tierra del Fuego, Chile	Late 1800s	Early 1900s	?	Genocide of Selknam Native Chilean tribe. – Part of the Genocide of indigenous peoples in the Americas
Massacre of protesters at the Demolition of the Babri Masjid	7003200000000000000♠2,000	7003200000000000000♠2,000	7003200000000000000♠2,000	Ayodhya, India	1992	1993	1 year	The destruction of a prominent mosque in India by Hindu extremists and killings of Muslim protesters.
2002 Gujarat riots	7003104400000000000♠1,044	7003297700000000000♠2,977	7003176300000000000♠1,763	Gujarat, India	February 2002	March 2002	1 month	Minimum death toll includes 790 Muslim death toll. Both death tolls include 254 Hindu deaths. Maximum death toll includes 223 presumed mixing as dead, and a higher 2,500 Muslim death toll.
Genocide of Shias by ISIL				Iraq, Syria, Afghanistan	2003	present	16 years	Ethnic cleansing, execution, forced conversion, rape, and enslavement of Shias by ISIL. One of the first instances was the Imam Ali Mosque bombing in Najaf
Conquest of the Desert	7003130000000000000♠1,300	7003130000000000000♠1,300	7003130000000000000♠1,300	Argentina	Mid 1870s	1884	?	Military campaign, directed mainly by General Julio Argentino Roca, which established Argentine dominance over Patagonia, then inhabited by indigenous peoples.– Part of the Genocide of indigenous peoples in the Americas
Genocide of Christians by ISIL				Worldwide	2014	present	4 years	Ethnic cleansing, execution, forced conversion, rape, and enslavement of Christians by ISIL. In Iraq, the genocide started before 2014, as exemplified by the 2010 Baghdad church massacre
Black War	878	878	878	Australia	Mid 1820s	1832	?	– Part of the Genocide of native Tasmanians
Biological warfare at the Siege of Fort Pitt	7002319000000000000♠ ?	7005270000000000000♠ ?	7003928100000000000♠ ?	Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania	June 22, 1763	August 10, 1763	1 months, 18 days	The death toll resulting from the event is unknown – Part of the Genocide of indigenous peoples in the Americas

Political purges and repressions

This section lists events that entail the mass killings of political opposition (such as those of certain ideology, class or political persuasion).

この一覧は未完成です。加筆、訂正して下さる協力者を求めています。

See also: Red Terror (disambiguation), White Terror, and Politicide.

Event	Lowest estimate	Highest estimate	Geometric mean estimate	Location	From	Until	Duration	Notes
Mass killings of landlords under Mao Zedong	7005800000000000000♠800,000	7007280000000000000♠28,000,000	7006473286400000000♠4,732,864	People's Republic of China	1947	1951	4 years	Millions of landlords were killed during land reforms before the formation of the People's Republic of China because they were seen as class enemies. See also: Struggle session
Cultural Revolution	7005400000000000000♠400,000	7007100000000000000♠10,000,000	7006200000000000000♠2,000,000	People's Republic of China	1966	1976	10 years	The Cultural Revolution, formally the Great Proletarian Cultural Revolution, was a sociopolitical movement that took place in the People's Republic of China from 1966 until 1976. Set into motion by Mao Zedong, then Chairman of the Communist Party of China, its stated goal was to preserve 'true' Communist ideology in the country by purging remnants of capitalist and traditional elements from Chinese society. See also: Struggle session
Indonesian mass killings of 1965–66	7005500000000000000♠500,000	7006300000000000000♠3,000,000	7006122474500000000♠1,224,745	Indonesia	1965	1966	1 year	Massacres of people connected to the Indonesian Communist Party (PKI) were carried out in 1965–66 by the Indonesian Army and associated death squads with support from Western powers such as the United States. Death tolls are difficult to estimate, but it is widely accepted by scholars that roughly 1 million people were killed.
Campaign to Suppress Counterrevolutionaries	7005712000000000000♠712,000	7006200000000000000♠2,000,000	7006119331500000000♠1,193,315	People's Republic of China	1950	1951	1 year	The Campaign to Suppress Counterrevolutionaries ( or abbreviated as ) was the first political campaign launched by the People's Republic of China designed to eradicate opposition elements, especially former Kuomintang (KMT) functionaries accused of trying undermine the new Communist government.
Great Purge	7005681692000000000♠681,692	7006170423000000000♠1,704,230	7006107785000000000♠1,077,850	Soviet Union	1936	1938	2 years	The Great Purge or Great Terror was a period of intense political repression in the Soviet Union including execution (especially through open air shootings) and forced labor through the Gulag system.
White Terror (Russia)	7005300000000000000♠300,000	7005300000000000000♠300,000	7005300000000000000♠300,000	Former Russian Empire	1917	1923	6 years	Political repression by the White movement during the Russian Civil War.
White Terror (Spain)	7005150000000000000♠150,000	7005400000000000000♠400,000	7005244949000000000♠244,949	Spain during and after the Spanish Civil War	1936	1945	9 years	In Spain, the White Terror (also known as "la Represión Franquista" or the "Francoist Repression") was the series of acts of politically motivated violence, rape, and other crimes committed by the Nationalist movement during the Spanish Civil War (July 17, 1936 to April 1, 1939) and during Francisco Franco's dictatorship (October 1, 1936 – November 20, 1975)
Qey Shibir	7004300000000000000♠30,000	7005750000000000000♠750,000	7005150000000000000♠150,000	People's Democratic Republic of Ethiopia	1977	1978	1 year	Violent purge of those deemed Anti-Communist in Ethiopia.
Bodo League Massacre	7005100000000000000♠100,000	7005200000000000000♠200,000	7005141421000000000♠141,421	Korea	1950	1950	?	Massacre of communists and suspected communists during the summer of 1950, at the start of Korean War.
German suppression of the Freemasons	7004800000000000000♠80,000	7005200000000000000♠200,000	7005126491000000000♠126,491	German-occupied territory	1933	1945	12 years	The Nazi regime of Germany targeted Freemasons as they saw them as collaborators in a Jewish conspiracy. 「Suppression of Freemasonry」も参照
Red Terror	7004100000000000000♠10,000	7006150000000000000♠1,500,000	7005122474000000000♠122,474	Former Russian Empire during Russian Civil War	1918	1922	4 years	Political repression by the Bolsheviks during the Russian Civil War.
1991 uprisings in Iraq	7004250000000000000♠25,000	7005180000000000000♠180,000	7004670820000000000♠67,082	Iraq	March the 1st, 1991	April the 5th, 1991	1 month and 4 days	The death toll of the uprising against Saddam Hussein's government during 1991 was high throughout the country. The rebels killed many Ba'athist officials and officers. In response, thousands of unarmed civilians were killed by indiscriminate fire from loyalist tanks, artillery and helicopters, and many historical and religious structures in the south were deliberately targeted under orders from Saddam Hussein. Saddam's security forces entered the cities, often using women and children as human shields, where they detained and summarily executed or "disappeared" thousands of people at random in a policy of collective responsibility. Many suspects were tortured, raped, or burned alive.
Operation Condor	7004500000000000000♠50,000	7004800000000000000♠80,000	7004632460000000000♠63,246	South America	1975	1983	8 years	A campaign of political repression by right-wing dictatorships in South America, sponsored by the United States.
Red Terror (Spain)	7004380000000000000♠38,000	7004723440000000000♠72,344	7004524320000000000♠52,432	Spain during the Spanish Civil War	1936	1939	3 years	The Red Terror in Spain (スペイン語: Terror Rojo) is the name given by historians to various acts of violence committed from 1936 until the end of the Spanish Civil War "by sections of nearly all the leftist groups".
Land Reform in Vietnam	7004135000000000000♠13,500	7005200000000000000♠200,000	7004519620000000000♠51,962	North Vietnam	1954	1956	2 years
Reign of Terror	7004165940000000000♠16,594	7004415940000000000♠41,594	7004262720000000000♠26,272	France during the French Revolution	1793	1794	1 year	The Reign of Terror was a period of violence that occurred after the onset of the French Revolution, incited by conflict between two rival political factions, the Girondins and The Jacobins, and marked by mass executions of "enemies of the revolution".
1982 Hama Massacre	7004100000000000000♠10,000	7004400000000000000♠40,000	7004200000000000000♠20,000	Hama, Syria	February 2, 1982	February 28, 1982	26 days	The Hama massacre (Arabic: مجزرة حماة) occurred in February 1982, when the Syrian Arab Army and the Defense Companies, under the orders of the country's president Hafez al-Assad, besieged the town of Hama for 27 days in order to quell an uprising by the Muslim Brotherhood against al-Assad's government.
1932 Salvadoran peasant massacre	7004100000000000000♠10,000	7004400000000000000♠40,000	7004200000000000000♠20,000	El Salvador	January 22, 1932	July 11, 1932	6 months and 20 days	Many of the victims were indigenous people.
February 28 Incident	7004100000000000000♠10,000	7004300000000000000♠30,000	7004173200000000000♠17,320	Taiwan	1947	1947	?	Crackdown by the Kuomintang government that ushered in the White Terror (Taiwan) era.
Dirty War	7003900000000000000♠9,000	7004300000000000000♠30,000	7004164320000000000♠16,432	Argentina	1976	1983	7 years	At least 9,000 people were tortured and killed in Argentina from 1976 to 1983, carried out primarily by the Argentinean military Junta (part of Operation Condor).
Red and White terrors of the Finnish Civil War	7004116500000000000♠11,650	7004116500000000000♠11,650	7004116500000000000♠11,650	Finland	1918	1918	3 months, 2 weeks and 4 days	Both sides of the Finnish Civil War used Terrors where 10,000 were killed in the White Terror and 1,650 were killed in the Red Terror.
1988 executions of Iranian political prisoners	7003448200000000000♠4,482	7004300000000000000♠30,000	7004115960000000000♠11,596	Iran	1988	1988	5 months	Massacre of political prisoners in Iran.
White Terror (Taiwan)	7003300000000000000♠3,000	7003400000000000000♠4,000	7003346400000000000♠3,464	Taiwan	1949	1987	38 years	An era of martial law in Taiwan in which 140,000 where imprisoned, and 3,000 to 4,000 were executed for real or perceived opposition to the Kuomintang.
1989 Tiananmen Square protests crackdown	7002241000000000000♠241	7004100000000000000♠10,000	7003300000000000000♠3,000	Tiananmen Square, People's Republic of China	1989	1989	1 month, 2 weeks and 6 days	Crackdown of anti-government protest in the People's Republic of China.
Human rights violations in Pinochet's Chile	7003120000000000000♠1,200	7003320000000000000♠3,200	7003196000000000000♠1,960	Chile	1974	1990	16 years	1,200 to 3,200 alleged communists were executed, 80,000 were forcibly interned and 30,000 were tortured under the reign of Augusto Pinochet.

Forced labor, abuse of workers, and slave trades

This section lists deaths caused by poor labor conditions, executions for not performing labor satisfactorily, and deaths caused by mistreatment of the workforce both in transit and at work locations.

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Event	Lowest estimate	Highest estimate	Geometric mean estimate	Location	From	Until	Duration	Notes
Arab slave trade	7006754500000000000♠7,545,000	7007700000000000000♠70,000,000	7007229815140000000♠22,981,514	Middle East, North Africa, and the Horn of Africa	700s	1899	more than 1100 years	1500 to 1899: (1500 - 1599- 1.000.000 - 1,300,000 (Africans 115,000 - 180,000 ( Europeans ) (1600 - 1699 1,300,000 ( Africans ) 130,000 - 200,000 ( Europeans ) (1700 - 1799)- 2,000,000 ( Africans) (1800 - 1899)- 3.000.000 ( Africans ) Other sources estimate as many as 70 million could have perished.
Laogai system	7007150000000000000♠15,000,000	7007270000000000000♠27,000,000	7007201246100000000♠20,124,610	China	1945	1976	31 years	Laogai (勞改/劳改), the abbreviation for Láodòng Gǎizào (勞動改造/劳动改造), which means "reform through labor", is a slogan of the Chinese criminal justice system and has been used to refer to the use of penal labour and prison farms in the People's Republic of China (PRC), which once took up more than half of the world's slaves. Laogai is different from laojiao, or re-education through labor, which was an administrative detention for a person who was not a criminal but had committed minor offenses, and was intended to reform offenders into law-abiding citizens. Persons detained under laojiao were detained in facilities that were separate from the general prison system of laogai. Both systems, however, involved penal labor.
Atlantic Slave Trade	7006200000000000000♠2,000,000	7007600000000000000♠60,000,000	7007109544510000000♠10,954,451	Africa, the Americas, and the Atlantic	1500s	1700s	200 years
Slavery in the Ottoman Empire	7007105000000000000♠10,500,000	7007112500000000000♠11,250,000	7007108685330000000♠10,868,533	Eurasia, Middle East, North Africa	1450	1800	350 years	There is no concrete number for the number of people killed due to the Barbary Slave Trade. The method many people use is to estimate the mortality rate of slave raids and multiply them by the number people took as slaves. Scholars estimates 3 people were killed for every 1 slave abducted. Includes Barbary Slave Trade.
Atrocities in the Congo Free State	7006300000000000000♠3,000,000	7007130000000000000♠13,000,000	7006624499800000000♠6,244,998	Congo Free State	7003188500000000000♠1885	7003190800000000000♠1908	23 years	Private forces under the control of Leopold II of Belgium carried out mass murders, mutilations, and other crimes against the Congolese in order to encourage the gathering of valuable raw materials, principally rubber. Significant deaths also occurred due to major disease outbreaks and starvation, caused by population displacement and poor treatment. Estimates of the death toll vary considerably because of the lack of a formal census before 1924, but a commonly cited figure of 10 million deaths was obtained by estimating a 50% decline in the total population during the Congo Free State and applying it to the total population of 10 million in 1924.
Gulag system	7006105382900000000♠1,053,829	7006600000000000000♠6,000,000	7006251455200000000♠2,514,552	Soviet Union	1930s	1950s	20 years	Gulag is an acronym for the organization that administered the forced labor system in the Soviet Union that became a colloquialism in the west for the camps themselves. The system was used to punish criminals, political dissidents, and prisoners of war. There is a growing consensus among scholars that, based on archival data, the number of deaths in the gulag system fall within the range 1.5 to 1.7 million.
Forced labor in North Korea	7005400000000000000♠400,000	7006150000000000000♠1,500,000	7005774597000000000♠774,597	North Korea	1972	ongoing	46 years
Hacienda peonage and chattel slavery	7005173000000000000♠173,000	7006201500000000000♠2,015,000	7005590419000000000♠590,419	Mexico	1900	1920	20 years	R.J. Rummel, coiner of the word "Democide," estimated the mortality rate for Mexican Peonage, a form of debt labor, by comparing it to similar forced labor systems such as the Soviet Gulag, and then applying and reducing it accordingly to the population of Mexico at the time, coming up with an annual death rate of 69,000.
Forced labor of Koreans by Imperial Japan	7005270000000000000♠270,000	7005810000000000000♠810,000	7005467654000000000♠467,654	Korea and Manchuria	1939	1945	6 years
Slavery in the French colonial empire	7005200000000000000♠200,000	7007130000000000000♠13,000,000	7006161245200000000♠1,612,452	Africa	1900	1940	40 years
Slavery in Portugal	7005325000000000000♠325,000	7005325000000000000♠325,000	7005325000000000000♠325,000	Portuguese Empire	1900	1925	25 years
Barbary slave trade	7005245000000000000♠245,000	7005380000000000000♠380,000	7005305123000000000♠305,123	Italy, Spain, and Portugal	1500s	1600s	100 years	– Part of Slavery in the Ottoman Empire
Slavery during the Amazon rubber boom	7005250000000000000♠250,000	7005250000000000000♠250,000	7005250000000000000♠250,000	Amazon, Brazil	1900	1912	12 years
Construction of the Burma Railway	7005102621000000000♠102,621	7005102621000000000♠102,621	7005102621000000000♠102,621	Burma	1943	1947	4 years	Forced labour was used in the construction of the Burma Railway. More than 180,000 Southeast Asian civilian labourers (Romusha) and 60,000 Allied prisoners of war (POWs) worked on the railway. Of these, estimates of Romusha deaths are little more than guesses, but probably about 90,000 died. 12,621 Allied POWs died during the construction. The dead POWs included 6,904 British personnel, 2,802 Australians, 2,782 Dutch, and 133 Americans.
Construction of the Suez Canal	7004300000000000000♠30,000	7005120000000000000♠120,000	7004670820000000000♠67,082	Egypt, and Sudan	1859	1868	9 years	French diplomat Ferdinand de Lesseps had obtained many concessions from Isma'il Pasha, the Khedive of Egypt and Sudan in 1854–56 to build the Suez Canal. Some sources estimate the workforce at 30,000, but others estimate that 120,000 workers died over the ten years of construction due to malnutrition, fatigue, and disease, especially cholera.
Forced labor of Chinese contract workers in Peru	7004400000000000000♠40,000	7004500540000000000♠50,054	7004447460000000000♠44,746	Peru	1849	1874	26 years	80,000 to 100,000 Chinese contract laborers, 95% of which were Cantonese and almost all of which were male, were sent mostly to the sugar plantations from 1849 to 1874, during the termination of slavery. They were to provide continuous labor for the coastal guano mines and especially for the coastal plantations where they became a major labor force (contributing greatly to the Peruvian guano boom) until the end of the century. While the coolies were believed to be reduced to virtual slaves, they also represented a historical transition from slave to free labor. A third group of Chinese workers was contracted for the construction of the railway from Lima to La Oroya and Huancayo. Chinese migrants were barred from using cemeteries reserved for Roman Catholics, and were instead buried at pre-Incan burial sites. Between 1849 and 1874 half the Chinese population of Peru perished due to abuse, exhaustion, and suicide caused by forced labor.
Forced labor of Allied POWs during World War II	7004350000000000000♠35,000	7004350000000000000♠35,000	7004350000000000000♠35,000	In and around the Pacific	1939	1945	6 years	According to the Japanese military's own record, nearly 25% of 140,000 Allied POWs died while interned in Japanese prison camps, where they were forced to work (U.S. POWs died at a rate of 27%).
FIFA World Cup related abuses of Human rights in Qatar	7003120000000000000♠1,200	7003180000000000000♠1,800	7003134200000000000♠1,342	Qatar	2013	ongoing	5 years	Out of at least 100,000 laborers.

Anthropogenically exacerbated outbreaks of disease and famine

詳細は「Famine」および「List of famines」を参照

This section includes famines and disease outbreaks that were caused or exacerbated by human action.

Note: Some of these famines diseases were partially caused by nature.

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Event	Lowest estimate	Highest estimate	Geom. mean estimate	Location	From	Until	Duration	Notes
Great Chinese Famine	7007116000000000000♠11,600,000	7007550000000000000♠55,000,000	7007252586620000000♠25,258,662	China	1958	1962	4 years	During the Great Leap Forward under Mao Zedong tens of millions of Chinese starved to death. State violence during this period further exacerbated the death toll, and some 2.5 million people were beaten or tortured to death in connection with Great Leap policies.
Famine and disease caused by World War II	7007190000000000000♠19,000,000	7007280000000000000♠28,000,000	7007230651300000000♠23,065,130	Worldwide	1939	1945	6 years	See also: World War II casualties
All famines in India under British influence	12,000,000	51,000,000+	20,500,000	India	1757	1947	190 years	Between 12 and 51 million Indians (or even more) died of starvation while India under British rule (East India Company and British Raj). Millions of tonnes of wheat were exported to Britain as famine raged.
Famine and disease caused by Japanese imperialism	7006813600000000000♠8,136,000	7007149360000000000♠14,936,000	7007110235790000000♠11,023,579	Japanese Empire	1937	1945	8 years	Combined death tolls from famine and disease from China, Vietnam, Indonesia, and the Philippines. 「World War II casualties」も参照
Northern Chinese Famine of 1876–79	7006900000000000000♠9,000,000	7007130000000000000♠13,000,000	7007108166500000000♠10,816,650	China	1876	1879	3 years	ENSO famine. 「Late Victorian Holocausts」も参照
Great Bengal famine of 1770	7007100000000000000♠10,000,000	7007100000000000000♠10,000,000	7007100000000000000♠10,000,000	British Bengal	1769	1773	4 years	The famine killed a third of the Bengali population at the time. It is attributed to the policies of the ruling British East India Company.
Russian famine of 1921 –22	7006500000000000000♠5,000,000	7007100000000000000♠10,000,000	7006707107200000000♠7,071,072	Soviet Russia	1921	1922	1 year	May have been exacerbated by War Communism policies, but it is debatable to which extent. See also: Droughts and famines in Russia and the Soviet Union, and Russian Civil War, with its policy of War communism, especially prodrazvyorstka.
Famine and disease caused by the Second Sino-Japanese War	7006500000000000000♠5,000,000	7007100000000000000♠10,000,000	7006707106800000000♠7,071,068	China	1937	1945	8 years	See also: World War II casualties.
Soviet famine of 1932–33	7006440000000000000♠4,400,000	7006910000000000000♠9,100,000	7006632771700000000♠6,327,717	Soviet Union	1932	1933	1 year	The majority of famine victims were Ukrainian. Many nations, including Ukraine, regard the famine's effect in the Ukraine as a genocide against Ukraine, known as the Holodomor. 1.8 – 4.8 million: Ukraine 600,000 – 2.3 million: Kazakhstan 2 million: Elsewhere
Famine and disease caused by World War I	7006541100000000000♠5,411,000	7006610000000000000♠6,100,000	7006574518100000000♠5,745,181	Worldwide	1914	1918	4 years	See also: World War I casualties.
Great Famine of 1876–78	7006610000000000000♠6,100,000	7007103200000000000♠10,320,000	7006830000000000000♠8,300,000	British India	1876	1878	2 years	ENSO famine. See also: Late Victorian Holocausts.
Famine and disease caused by the Second Congo War	7006380000000000000♠3,800,000	7006540000000000000♠5,400,000	7006452990100000000♠4,529,901	Africa	1998	2004	6 years	Majority of those who died in war perished from famine and disease.
Iranian famine of 1917–1919	7006200000000000000♠2,000,000	7007100000000000000♠10,000,000	7006447213600000000♠4,472,136	Iran	1917	1919	3 years	The Persian famine of 1917–1919 was a period of widespread mass starvation and disease in Persia (Iran). The famine took place in the occupied territory of Iran that had declared neutrality. According to the estimates acknowledged, 2–10 million people died of hunger and disease. A variety of factors are commented to have caused and contributed to the famine such as war profiteering, and poor harvests but mainly requisitioning and confiscation of foodstuffs by the occupying Russian and British armies.
Famine and disease caused by Decommunization	7006400000000000000♠4,000,000+	7006400000000000000♠4,000,000+	7006400000000000000♠4,000,000+	Former States of the Soviet Union and Eastern Bloc	1991	2000	9 years	Deaths caused by decrease in living conditions in Russia and other former Communist States after the fall of the Soviet Union.
Bengal famine of 1943	7006300000000000000♠3,000,000	7006400000000000000♠4,000,000	7006346410000000000♠3,464,100	British India	1943	1944	1 year	The Japanese conquest of Burma cut off India's main supply of rice imports, however, war-related administrative policies in British India ultimately helped to cause the massive death toll.
Indian famine of 1896–97 and the Indian famine of 1899–1900	7006840000000000000♠8,400,000	7007190000000000000♠19,000,000	7007137000000000000♠13,700,000	British India	1896	1900	4 years	ENSO famines. See also: Late Victorian Holocausts.
Famine and diseased caused by the Biafran Blockade during Nigeria's Civil War	7006200000000000000♠2,000,000	7006300000000000000♠3,000,000	7006244949000000000♠2,449,490	Nigeria	1967	1970	3 years	More than two million Igbo died from the famine imposed deliberately through blockades during the war. Lack of medicine also contributed. Thousands starved to death daily as the war progressed.
Famine and disease during the Japanese occupation of the Dutch East Indies	7006240000000000000♠2,400,000	7006240000000000000♠2,400,000	7006240000000000000♠2,400,000	Indonesia	1944	1945	1 year	An estimated 2.4 million Indonesians starved to death during the Japanese occupation of Indonesia. The problem was partly caused by failures of the main 1944–45 rice crop, but the main cause was the compulsory rice purchasing system that the Japanese authorities put in place to secure rice for distribution to the armed forces and urban population.
Soviet famine of 1946–47	7006100000000000000♠1,000,000	7006150000000000000♠1,500,000	7006122474500000000♠1,224,745	Soviet Union	1946	1947	1 year	Debated as to whether it was caused by war or government policy.
Great Irish Famine	7005750000000000000♠750,000	7006150000000000000♠1,500,000	7006106066000000000♠1,060,660	Ireland	1846	1849	3 years	Although blight ravaged potato crops throughout Europe during the 1840s, the impact and human cost in Ireland, where a third of the population was significantly dependent on the Irish Lumper potato for food, was exacerbated by a host of political, social and economic factors, which continue to remain the subject of historical debate.
Vietnamese Famine of 1945	7005400000000000000♠400,000	7006200000000000000♠2,000,000	7005894427000000000♠894,427	Vietnam	1944	1945	1 year	The Japanese occupation during World War II caused the famine in North Vietnam.
Cambodian Holocaust Famine	7005800000000000000♠800,000	7005950000000000000♠950,000	7005871780000000000♠871,780	Cambodia	1975	1979	4 years	An estimated 2 million Cambodians lost their lives to murder, forced labor, and famine, perpetrated by the Khmer Rouge, nearly half of which was caused by forced starvation. Came to an end due to invasion by Vietnam in 1979.
1983–85 famine in Ethiopia	7005400000000000000♠400,000	7006100000000000000♠1,000,000	7005632456000000000♠632,456	Ethiopia	1983	1985	2 years	The famines that struck Ethiopia between 1961 and 1985, especially the one of 1983–1985, were in large part created by government policies.
Famine and disease during the Japanese occupation of the Philippines	7005336000000000000♠336,000	7005336000000000000♠336,000	7005336000000000000♠336,000	Philippines	1942	1945	3 years	See also: World War I casualties.
North Korean famine	7005240000000000000♠240,000	7005420000000000000♠420,000	7005330000000000000♠330,000	North Korea	1994	1998	4 years	The famine stemmed from a variety of factors. Economic mismanagement and the loss of Soviet support caused food production and imports to decline rapidly. A series of floods and droughts exacerbated the crisis, but were not its direct cause. The North Korean government and its centrally-planned system proved too inflexible to effectively curtail the disaster. Recent research suggests the likely number of excess deaths between 1993 and 2000 was about 330,000.
Cuban War of Independence Famine	7005300000000000000♠300,000	7005300000000000000♠300,000	7005300000000000000♠300,000	Cuba	1895	1898	3 years	Most of dead in this war perished from famine and disease.
Great Famine of Mount Lebanon	7005200000000000000♠200,000	7005200000000000000♠200,000	7005200000000000000♠200,000	Mount Lebanon, Ottoman Empire	1915	1918	3 years	Around 200,000 people starved to death at a time when the population of Mount Lebanon was estimated at 400,000. The Mount Lebanon famine caused the highest fatality rate by population of World War I. Bodies were piled in the streets, and people were reported to be eating street animals, while some resorted to cannibalism.
1998 Sudan famine	7004700000000000000♠70,000	7004700000000000000♠70,000	7004700000000000000♠70,000	Sudan	1998	1998	?	The famine was caused almost entirely by human rights abuse and the war in Southern Sudan.
Famine in Yemen (2016–present)	7004500000000000000♠50,000 children	7004500000000000000♠50,000 children	7004500000000000000♠50,000 children	Yemen	2016	present	2 years	The famine was triggered by Saudi Arabia's intervention into the Yemeni Civil War, which is backed by Western powers including the United States. Around 13 million people, or roughly half of the country's population, is facing starvation in what the UN calls "the worst famine in the world in 100 years".

Anthropogenically exacerbated floods and landslides

詳細は「Flood」、「List of floods」、「List of deadliest floods」、「List of natural disasters by death toll#Floods and landslides」、「Landslide」、および「List of landslides」を参照

These are floods and landslides that have been partially caused by humans, for example by failure of dams, levees, seawalls or retaining walls.

この一覧は未完成です。加筆、訂正して下さる協力者を求めています。

Event	Lowest estimate	Highest estimate	Geom. mean estimate	Location	From	Until	Duration	Notes
1931 China floods	7006250000000000000♠ 2,500,000||3,700,000	3,041,381	China	7003193100000000000♠1931	7003193100000000000♠1931	?
1887 Yellow River (Huang He) flood	7005900000000000000♠ 900,000||2,000,000	1,341,641	China	7003188700000000000♠1887	7003188700000000000♠1887	?
1938 Yellow River (Huang He) flood	7005500000000000000♠ 500,000||700,000	591,608	China	7003193800000000000♠1938	7003193800000000000♠1938	?
Flight of the Boat People	7005380000000000000♠ 200,000	560,000	334,664	Gulf of Thailand and Pacific Ocean	1978	1979	1 year
1935 Yangtze river flood	7005145000000000000♠ 145,000||7005145000000000000♠ 145,000||145,000	China	7003193500000000000♠1935	7003193500000000000♠1935	?
St. Felix's Flood, storm surge	7005100001000000000♠ more than 100,000||7005100001000000000♠ more than 100,000||100,000	Netherlands	7003153000000000000♠1530	7003153000000000000♠1530	?
Hanoi and Red River Delta flood	7005100000000000000♠ 100,000||7005100000000000000♠ 100,000||100,000	North Vietnam	7003197100000000000♠1971	7003197100000000000♠1971	?
1911 Yangtze river flood	7005100000000000000♠ 100,000||7005100000000000000♠ 100,000||100,000	China	7003191100000000000♠1911	7003191100000000000♠1911	?
The failure of 62 dams in Zhumadian Prefecture, Henan, the largest of which was Banqiao Dam, caused by Typhoon Nina.	7004260000000000000♠ 26,000||230,000	77,330	China	7003197567000000000♠ August 1975	7003197567000000000♠ August 1975	?
St. Lucia's flood, storm surge	7004500000000000000♠ 50,000||80,000	63,246	Netherlands, England	7003128700000000000♠1287	7003128700000000000♠1287	?
Vargas Tragedy, landslide	7004100000000000000♠ 10,000||50,000	22,361	Venezuela	7003199900000000000♠1999	7003199900000000000♠1999	?
North Sea flood, storm surge	7003240000000000000♠ 2,400||7003240000000000000♠ 2,400||2,400	Netherlands, Scotland, England, Belgium	7003195385000000000♠ January 31, 1953	7003195385000000000♠ January 31, 1953	1 day
Johnstown Flood	7003220900000000000♠ 2,209||7003220900000000000♠ 2,209||2,209	Pennsylvania	7003188925000000000♠ May 31, 1889	7003188925000000000♠ May 31, 1889	1 day

Human sacrifice and suicide

This section lists deaths from the practice of human sacrifice or suicide.

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Event	Lowest estimate	Highest estimate	Geom. mean estimate	Location	From	Until	Duration	Notes
Human sacrifice in Aztec culture	7004200000000000000♠20,000	7006500000000000000♠5,000,000	7005316228000000000♠316,228	Mexico	7003130100000000000♠ 14th century ||7003152100000000000♠1521	200 years	Skull racks: 60,000 to 136,000 See also: Aztecs
Human sacrifice in Shang dynasty China	7004130000000000000♠13,000	7004130000000000000♠13,000	7004130000000000000♠13,000	China	2996870000000000000♠1300 BC	2996895000000000000♠1050 BC	250 years	Last 250 years of rule
Suicide bombings during the Iraq War	7004122840000000000♠12,284	7004180000000000000♠18,000+	7004122840000000000♠12,284	Iraq	7003200300000000000♠2003	7003201900000000000♠2019	Ongoing	See also: Iraqi insurgency (2003–11) and Iraqi Civil War (2014–2017)
Sati ritual suicides	7003794100000000000♠7,941	7003794100000000000♠7,941	7003794100000000000♠7,941	India	7003181500000000000♠1815	7003182800000000000♠1828	13 years
Kamikaze suicide pilots	7003391200000000000♠3,912	7003391200000000000♠3,912	7003391200000000000♠3,912	Pacific theatre	7003194400000000000♠1944	7003194500000000000♠1945	1 year	See also: Empire of Japan
Mass suicide at Masada	7002967000000000000♠967	7002967000000000000♠967	7002967000000000000♠967	Masada	7001732200000000000♠ Spring 73 CE ||7001732200000000000♠ Spring 73 CE	?
Jonestown	7002909000000000000♠909	7002909000000000000♠909	7002909000000000000♠909					Jim Jones
Palestinian suicide attacks	7002804000000000000♠804	7002804000000000000♠804	7002804000000000000♠804	Israel and Palestine	7003198951000000000♠ July 6, 1989	7003201629000000000♠ April 18, 2016	27 years	May only include victims 「Palestinian political violence」も参照

Riots and political unrest

詳細は「List of riots」を参照

Riots and incidents where at least 100 people died are listed here.

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Event	Victims	Country	Locale(s)	Date
Partition of India and Pakistan	7006200000000000000♠ 200,000–2,000,000 || British India|| Punjab and Bengal || 7003194700000000000♠1947
La Violencia	7005300000000000000♠ 200,000–300,000 || Colombia|| Country-wide || 7003194800000000000♠1948–1960
1959 Tibetan uprising	7004870000000000000♠ 85,000–87,000 || Tibet, China || Lhasa || 7003195900000000000♠1959
Nika riots	7004300000000000000♠30,000	Byzantium	Constantinople	7002532000000000000♠ 532
La semaine sanglante	7004200000000000000♠ 6,667–20,000 || France || Paris || 7003187100000000000♠1871
February 28 Incident	7004300000000000000♠ 10,000–30,000 || China || Taiwan || 7003194700000000000♠1947
Jeju Uprising	7004300000000000000♠ 14,000–30,000 || Southern Korea, present-day South Korea || Jeju island || 7003194800000000000♠1948
August Uprising	7004155000000000000♠ 13,000–15,500 || Soviet Union || Georgia || 7003192400000000000♠1924
1932 Salvadoran peasant uprising	7004400000000000000♠ 10,000–40,000 || El Salvador || || 7003193200000000000♠1932
Romanian Peasants' Revolt	7004200000000000000♠ 10,000–20,000 || Romania || || 7003190700000000000♠1907
Kronstadt rebellion	7004100000000000000♠10,000	Russia	Kronstadt	7003192100000000000♠1921
1984 anti-Sikh riots	7003800000000000000♠ 2,800–8,000 || India || New Delhi || 7003198400000000000♠1984
March 1st Movement	7003750000000000000♠7,500	Japanese Korea, present-day South Korea	Seoul	7003191900000000000♠1919
Second Intifada	7003435400000000000♠ 4,179–4,354	Israel/Palestinian territories		7003200000000000000♠2000–2005
Pitchfork Uprising	7003380000000000000♠3,800	Russia		7003192000000000000♠1920
Iranian Revolution	7003278100000000000♠2,781	Iran		7003197900000000000♠1979
8888 Uprising	7004100000000000000♠ 3,000–10,000 || Burma/Myanmar || || 7003198700000000000♠1987–1993
First Intifada	7003220400000000000♠2,204	Israel/Palestinian territories		7003198700000000000♠1987
Banana Massacre	7003200000000000000♠ 47–2,000 || Colombia ||Ciénaga || 7003192800000000000♠1928
Santa María School massacre	7003230000000000000♠2,300	Chile	Iquique	7003190700000000000♠1907
Assam Movement	7003219100000000000♠2,191+	India	Assam	7003197900000000000♠1979–1985
1994 South African transitional violence	7003165200000000000♠1,652	South Africa		7003199400000000000♠1994
Romanian Revolution of 1989	7003110400000000000♠1,104	Romania	Bucharest and major cities	7003198900000000000♠1989
2009 Boko Haram uprising	7003100000000000000♠1,000+	Nigeria	States of Bauchi, Borno, Yobe, and Kano	7003200900000000000♠2009
May 1998 riots of Indonesia	7003120000000000000♠ 1,000–1,200 || Indonesia || Jakarta, Medan, Surakarta || 7003199800000000000♠1998
2008 Kenyan election protests	7003100000000000000♠1,000	Kenya		7003200800000000000♠2008
2005 Togolese democracy protests	7003100000000000000♠ 500–1,000||Togo||||7003200500000000000♠2005
1989 Bhagalpur violence	7003100000000000000♠1,000	India	Bhagalpur district, Bihar	7003198900000000000♠1989
1905 Bloody Sunday	7003400000000000000♠ 132–4,000 || Russia || Saint Petersburg || 7003190500000000000♠1905
2010 South Kyrgyzstan ethnic clashes	7002893000000000000♠893	Kyrgyzstan		7003201000000000000♠2010
Iranian pilgrim riot	7002400000000000000♠400	Saudi Arabia	Mecca	7003198700000000000♠1987
Jallianwala Bagh (Amritsar) massacre	7003152600000000000♠ 379–1,526|| British India || Amritsar || 7003191900000000000♠1919
Telangana movement (Hyderabad)	7002360000000000000♠360+	India	Hyderabad	7003196900000000000♠1969
Tunisian Revolution	7002338000000000000♠338	Tunisia		7003201000000000000♠2010–2011
Tiananmen Square protests of 1989	7003145400000000000♠ 300–10,454|| China || Beijing || 7003198900000000000♠1989
Kengir uprising	7002700000000000000♠700	Soviet Union	Kazakhstan	7003195400000000000♠1954
2018 Nicaraguan protests	7002317000000000000♠317	Nicaragua	Country-wide	7003201800000000000♠2018
Gordon Riots	7002285000000000000♠285	Great Britain		7003178000000000000♠1780
1929 Palestine riots	7002249000000000000♠249	British Mandate for Palestine		7003192900000000000♠1929
2018–19 Sudanese protests	7002229000000000000♠229+	Sudan	Nationwide	7003201800000000000♠2018–2019
Military Police of Espírito Santo strike	7002215000000000000♠215	Brazil	Espírito Santo	7003201700000000000♠2017
Ürümqi race riots	7002197000000000000♠197+	China	Xinjiang	7003200900000000000♠2009
13 May incident	7002196000000000000♠196	Malaysia	Kuala Lumpur	7003196900000000000♠1969
Andijan massacre	7003150000000000000♠ 187–1,500 || Uzbekistan || Andijan || 7003200500000000000♠2005
2017 Venezuelan protests	7002165000000000000♠165	Venezuela	Nationwide	7003201700000000000♠2017
2009 Guinea protests	7002157000000000000♠157	Guinea	Conakry	7003200900000000000♠2009
Gwangju Uprising	7003200000000000000♠ 144–2,000 || South Korea || Gwangju || 7003198000000000000♠1980
Durban riots	7002142000000000000♠142	South Africa	Durban	7003194900000000000♠1949
2017 Brazil prison riots	7002140000000000000♠140+	Brazil		7003201700000000000♠2017
Muhammad cartoon riots	7002139000000000000♠139	Nigeria, Libya, Pakistan, and Afghanistan		7003200600000000000♠2006
Khartoum massacre	7002128000000000000♠ 128 || Sudan || Khartoum || 7003201900000000000♠2019
Tana River District clashes	7002118000000000000♠ 118||Kenya||Tana River District||7003201200000000000♠2012–2013
Carandiru massacre	7002111000000000000♠111	Brazil	São Paulo	7003199200000000000♠1992
Euromaidan	7002797000000000000♠ 121–797 || Ukraine || Kiev || 7003201400000000000♠2014
Carandiru massacre	7002111000000000000♠111	Brazil	São Paulo	7003199200000000000♠1992
New York City draft riots	7002120000000000000♠ 119–120 || United States || New York City || 7003186300000000000♠1863
Georgian de-Stalinization riots	7002100000000000000♠ 22–100 || Georgia || Country-wide || 7003195600000000000♠1956
Napoleon's "whiff of grapeshot"	7002100000000000000♠100	France	Paris	7003179500000000000♠1795

List of prisons, concentration, and extermination camps by death toll

This section lists deaths that occurred in particular prisons, concentration and/or extermination camps, deaths are from both the conditions within the camps and from the active murder/execution of prisoners.

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Event	Lowest estimate	Highest estimate	Geometric mean estimate	Location	From	Until	Duration	Notes
Auschwitz concentration camp	7005800000000000000♠800,000	7006150000000000000♠1,500,000	7006109544500000000♠1,095,445	Oświęcim, Poland	1940	1945	5 years
Treblinka extermination camp	7005700000000000000♠700,000	7006100000000000000♠1,000,000	7005836660000000000♠836,660	Treblinka, Poland	1942	1943	1 year
Bełżec extermination camp	7005480000000000000♠480,000	7005600000000000000♠600,000	7005536656000000000♠536,656	Bełżec, Poland	1942	1943	1 year
Jasenovac concentration camp	7005100000000000000♠100,000	7005700000000000000♠700,000	7005264575000000000♠264,575	Croatia	1941	1945	4 years
Kolyma	7005130000000000000♠130,000	7005500000000000000♠500,000	7005254951000000000♠254,951	Kolyma, Soviet Union	1932	1954	22 years
Stutthof concentration camp	7004850000000000000♠85,000	7004850000000000000♠85,000	7004850000000000000♠85,000	Stutthof, Poland	1939	1945	6 years	See also: Second World War
Stara Gradiška concentration camp	7004127900000000000♠12,790	7004750000000000000♠75,000	7004309720000000000♠30,972	Croatia	1941	1945	4 years	Primarily for women and children.
Tuol Sleng	7004170000000000000♠17,000	7004170000000000000♠17,000	7004170000000000000♠17,000	Phnom Penh, Cambodia	1975	1979	4 years
Camp Sumter	7004131710000000000♠13,171	7004131710000000000♠13,171	7004131710000000000♠13,171	Andersonville, Georgia, United States	1864	1865	1 year
Crveni Krst concentration camp	7004120000000000000♠12,000	7004120000000000000♠12,000	7004120000000000000♠12,000	Niš, Serbia	1941	1944	3 years
Tammisaari prison camp	7003296300000000000♠2,963	7003296300000000000♠2,963	7003296300000000000♠2,963	Tammisaari, Finland	1918	1918	4 months
Elmira Prison	7003296300000000000♠2,963	7003296300000000000♠2,963	7003296300000000000♠2,963	Elmira, New York, U.S.	1864	1865	1 year
Shark Island concentration camp	7003103200000000000♠1,032	7003400000000000000♠4,000	7003203200000000000♠2,032	Luderitz, German South-West Africa	1905	1907	2 years	The minimum death toll is out of a camp population of 1,795 people, and the maximum total includes those who died in the Luderitz area.

List of political leaders and regimes by death toll

This section lists deaths attributed to certain political leaders, deaths are from both the conditions within the country due to national policy, and active killings by forces loyal to the leader in question.

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Leader(s)	Lowest estimate	Highest estimate	Geom. mean estimate	Location	From	Until	Duration	Notes
Mao Zedong	7007135970000000000♠13,597,000	7007700000000000000♠70,000,000+	7007308510940000000♠30,851,094	People's Republic of China	1946	1976	30 years	Critics of Mao Zedong have argued Mao's China saw unprecedented losses of human life through inhuman economic policies such as the Great Leap Forward, slave labor through the Laogai, violent political purges such as the Cultural Revolution the Campaign to Suppress Counterrevolutionaries, and class extermination through land reform The estimate of the minimum death toll is the sum of the minimum estimate of famine dead (11.6 million), land reform dead (800,000), Counterrevolutionaries dead (712,000), and Cultural Revolution dead (400,000) plus the minimum killed in the 1959 Tibetan uprising (85,000 to 87,000) 「History of the People's Republic of China (1949–1976)」も参照
Genghis Khan Timur Kublai Khan	7007200000000000000♠20,000,000	7007400000000000000♠40,000,000	7007309459060000000♠30,945,906	Eurasia	1206	1405	199 years	Due to the lack or records and time span in which they occurred, estimates of the violence associated with the conquests of the Mongol Empire and its predecessor states vary considerably not including the spread of plague to Europe, West Asia, or China it is possible that between 20 and 40 million people were killed between 1206 and 1405 during the various campaign's of Genghis Khan, Kublai Khan, and Timur
Adolf Hitler	7007135182500000000♠13,518,250	7007254956920000000♠25,495,692+	7007185649440000000♠18,564,944	German-occupied Europe	1934	1945	11 years	The estimate includes The Holocaust against the Jews, plus the genocide and mass murder of Gypsies, Serbs, East Slavs, the disabled, homosexuals, Freemasons, POWs, and the Jehovah's Witnesses 4,900,000 to 6,200,000 Jews killed (2/3s to 78% of European Jewry killed) 7,405,000 to 17,244,692 killed by Generalplan Ost and Hunger Plan 2,470,000 to 11,149,692 Non Jewish and Roma Soviet civilians killed (500,000 died from Bombing of Soviet civilians alone) 3,135,000 to 3,325,000 Non-Jewish Soviet POWs killed by Nazis 1,800,000 to 2,770,000 Poles and other Non-Jews killed by Nazis in Poland 130,000 to 500,000 killed in Porajmos (1/4 of Roma population) 300,000 to 600,000 Serbians killed by the Ustaše 300,000 Great Famine (Greece) 275,000 to 300,000 killed in Aktion T4 80,000 to 200,000 killed in Elimination of Freemasons 77,000 members of German resistance against Nazism executed 20,000 to 25,000 Slovenes 18,000 to 22,000 Dutch famine of 1944–45 7,000 Spanish Republican killed 5,000 to 15,000 Homosexuals killed 1,250 to 5,000 Jehovah's Witnesses killed
Chiang Kai-Shek	7006596500000000000♠5,965,000	7007185220000000000♠18,522,000	7007105111240000000♠10,511,124	Republic of China	1928	1946	18 years	Primarily from conscription campaigns but also grain confiscations and other atrocities. 「Mass killings under the Chinese Nationalist government」も参照
Joseph Stalin	7006330000000000000♠3,300,000	7007150000000000000♠15,000,000	7006899077200000000♠8,990,772	Soviet Union	1922	1953	31 years	The millions killed by the regime of Joseph Stalin through famine, purges, labor camps, population transfer, deportations, and NKVD massacres. The minimum death toll (to the left) uses the minimum post-archive calculations from after the fall of the Soviet regime of those not killed in famine which range from four to ten million Robert Conquest, writer of the book The Great Terror, first stated an estimate of 30 million, then a few years later lowering it to 20 million, and finally saying that no fewer than 15 million perished during the entire history of the USSR. Following the collapse of the USSR and the opening of the archives, scholars have reached lower death tolls. The minimum death toll (to the left) uses the minimum post-archive calculations from after the fall of the Soviet regime of those not killed in famine Timothy D. Snyder in 2011 said that Stalin approximately killed 6 million to 9 million see also Excess mortality in the Soviet Union under Joseph Stalin
Hirohito	7006300000000000000♠3,000,000	7007140000000000000♠14,000,000	7006648074100000000♠6,480,741	In and around East and South East Asia, Oceania and the Pacific	1895	1945	50 years	If total casualties for these conflicts are assigned exclusively to Japanese aggression the toll could reach some 30 million deaths. See also: Japanese war crimes
Leopold II of Belgium	7006300000000000000♠3,000,000	7007130000000000000♠13,000,000	7006624499800000000♠6,244,998	Congo Free State	7003188500000000000♠1885	7003190800000000000♠1908	13 years	Private forces under the control of Leopold II of Belgium carried out mass murders, mutilations, and other crimes against the Congolese in order to encourage the gathering of valuable raw materials, principally rubber. Significant deaths also occurred due to major disease outbreaks and starvation, caused by population displacement and poor treatment. Estimates of the death toll vary considerably due to the lack of a formal census before 1924, but a commonly cited figure of 10 million deaths was obtained by estimating a 50% decline in the total population during the Congo Free State and applying it to the total population of 10 million in 1924. See also: Atrocities in the Congo Free State
Ranavalona I	7006250000000000000♠2,500,000	7006250000000000000♠2,500,000	7006250000000000000♠2,500,000	Madagascar	1829	1842	13 years	Putting an end to most foreign trade relationships, Ranavalona I pursued a policy of self-reliance, made possible through frequent use of the long-standing tradition of fanompoana—forced labor in lieu of tax payments in money or goods. Ranavalona continued the wars of expansion conducted by her predecessor, Radama I, in an effort to extend her realm over the entire island, and imposed strict punishments on those who were judged as having acted in opposition to her will. Due in large part to loss of life throughout the years of military campaigns, high death rates among fanompoana workers, and harsh traditions of justice under her rule, the population of Madagascar is estimated to have declined from around 5 million to 2.5 million between 1833–39, and from 750,000 to 130,000 between 1829–42 in Imerina. These statistics have contributed to a strongly unfavorable view of Ranavalona's rule in historical accounts.
Pol Pot	7006138673400000000♠1,386,734	7006340000000000000♠3,400,000	7006217138100000000♠2,171,381	Cambodia	1975	1979	4 years	Deaths due to arbitrary torture, execution, starvation, and forced labor among the population of Cambodia under the rule of Pol Pot and the Khmer Rouge, including both killings of ethnic Khmer (the majority ethnic group) as well as a genocide of religious and ethnic minorities by the Khmer Rouge. Minimum death toll is the number of corpses found in the Killing Fields.See also: Cambodian genocide
The Young Turks	7006148900000000000♠1,489,000	7006281000000000000♠2,810,000	7006204550500000000♠2,045,505	Ottoman Empire	1913	1922	9 years	Under the Young Turks' regime that took powerin 1908, the Ottoman Empire committed various genocides and ethnic cleansings. The death toll is derived from the sum of the death tolls of the Armenian Genocide (800,000 to 1,500,000), Assyrian Genocide (150,000 to 300,000), Greek Genocide (289,000 to 750,000), ethnic cleansing of the Thracian Bulgarians in 1913 (50,000 to 60,000), and the Great Famine of Mount Lebanon (200,000).
Omar al-Bashir	7006106300000000000♠1,063,000	7006253000000000000♠2,530,000	7006163993600000000♠1,639,936	Sudan	1989	2019	29 years	1 to 2 million: Second Sudanese Civil War 63,000 to 530,000: Darfur genocide
Kim Il-sung, Kim Jong-il, and Kim Jong-un	7005710000000000000♠710,000	7006350000000000000♠3,500,000	7006157638800000000♠1,576,388	North Korea	1948	present	70 years	North Korea continues to be one of the most repressive governments in the world. Over two-hundred thousand people are interned in concentrations camps for being political dissidents or being related to political dissidents. They are subject to slavery, torture, starvation, shootings, gassing, and human experimentation. See also: Human rights in North Korea
Suharto	7005240500000000000♠240,500	7006341800000000000♠3,418,000+	7005906658000000000♠906,658+	Indonesia	1965	1998	33 years	65/66 Politicide: 78,500 to 3,000,000 "communists" East Timor Atrocities: 60,000 to 308,000 East Timorese West Papua Atrocities: 100,000 papuans Petrus Killings: 2,000 to 10,000 suspected criminals
Mengistu Haile Mariam	7005225000000000000♠225,000	7006200000000000000♠2,000,000	7005670820000000000♠670,820	Ethiopia	1977	1987	10 years
Saddam Hussein	7005200000000000000♠200,000	7006200000000000000♠2,000,000	7005632456000000000♠632,456	Iraq	1979	2003	24 years	see Human rights in Saddam Hussein's Iraq#Number of victims
Ante Pavelić and Nikola Mandić	7005300000000000000♠300,000	7006108800000000000♠1,088,000	7005571314000000000♠571,314	Croatia	1941	1945	4 years	See also: Independent State of Croatia
Ho Chi Minh and the Viet Cong	7005145225000000000♠145,225	7006108200000000000♠1,082,000	7005396401000000000♠396,401	Vietnam	1954	2000	46 years	95,000: re-education camps 13,500–200,000: land reform 36,725 to 227,000: war crimes 200,000 to 560,000: boat people The minimum death toll is the same of minimum estimates for war crimes, re-education camps, and land reform. The maximum death toll is the combination of the maximum estimated death toll of land reform, war crimes, re-education camps and boat people, which may or may not be attributable to the regime.
Benito Mussolini	7005158000000000000♠158,000	7005628000000000000♠628,000	7005314998000000000♠314,998	Italy, Libya, Ethiopia, Yugoslavia, Greece	1922	1945	24 years	80,000 to 125,000 or over 1/4 of the Cyrenaican Pacification of Libya Ethiopia in which 62,000 to 485,000 Second Italo-Abyssinian War 11,000 War crimes in Greece 5,000 to 7,000. War crimes in Yugoslavia
Francisco Franco	7005195000000000000♠195,000	7005265000000000000♠265,000	7005227321000000000♠227,321	Spain, Austria, and Russia	1939	1975	36 years	Diseases and starvation: 130,000 (1939–1943) Repression: 30,000–100,000 (1939–1948) Prison camps: 20,000 (1939–1943) Spanish Maquis: 5,548 (1939–1965) World War II: 5,000 (Mauthausen concentration camp in Austria) Blue Division: Casualties in the Russo-German conflict totalled 22,700. In action against the Blue Division, the Red Army suffered 49,300 casualties. 「Francoist Spain」も参照
Idi Amin	7005100000000000000♠100,000	7005500000000000000♠500,000	7005223607000000000♠223,607	Uganda	1971	1979	8 years	Idi Amin's rule of Uganda saw excessive and egregious human rights abuses toward ethnic minorities and political opposition, earning him the nickname "The Butcher of Uganda."
Josip Broz Tito	7004600000000000000♠60,000	7005802000000000000♠802,000	7005219363000000000♠219,363	Yugoslavia	1944	1980	36 years
Communist rule in Romania, various leaders	7004600000000000000♠60,000	7005435000000000000♠435,000	7005161555000000000♠161,555	Romania	1945	1989	44 years	Total does not take into account the Romanian orphans who perished under Nicolae Ceaușescu's policies. 「Socialist Republic of Romania」も参照
FRELIMO	7004830000000000000♠83,000	7005250000000000000♠250,000	7005144049000000000♠144,049	Communist Mozambique	1975	1999	24 years	See also: Mozambican Civil War
Ivan the Terrible	7004600000000000000♠60,000	7005260000000000000♠260,000	7005124900000000000♠124,900	Russian Empire	1533	1584	51 years
Siad Barre	7004500000000000000♠50,000	7005200000000000000♠200,000	7005100000000000000♠100,000	Somalia	1988	1991	3 years	See also: Isaaq genocide
Bashar al-Assad	7005100000000000000♠100,000	7005100000000000000♠100,000	7005100000000000000♠100,000	Syria	2011	present	9 years	See also: Syrian Civil War
King Salman	7004850000000000000♠85,000	7004850000000000000♠85,000	7004850000000000000♠85,000	Saudi Arabia	2016	present	3 years	See also: Famine in Yemen
Communist rule in Bulgaria, various leaders	7004310000000000000♠31,000	7005220000000000000♠220,000	7004812400000000000♠81,240	Bulgaria	1944	1989	45 years	Collectivization and political repression in Bulgaria. 「People's Republic of Bulgaria」も参照
Henry VIII	7004720000000000000♠72,000	7004720000000000000♠72,000	7004720000000000000♠72,000	England	1509	1547	38 years
Vlad III	7004439030000000000♠43,903	7005100000000000000♠100,000	7004662590000000000♠66,259	Wallachia	1456	1462	6 years
Communist rule in Czechoslovakia, various leaders	7004650000000000000♠65,000	7004650000000000000♠65,000	7004650000000000000♠65,000	Czechoslovakia	1948	1968	20 years	See also: Communist repression in Czechoslovakia
Francisco Macías Nguema	7004500000000000000♠50,000	7004800000000000000♠80,000	7004632460000000000♠63,246	Equatorial Guinea	1968	1979	11 years	Macías Nguema is regarded as one of the most kleptocratic, corrupt, and dictatorial leaders in post-colonial African history. Sources vary, but he was responsible for the deaths of anywhere from 50,000 to 80,000 of the 300,000 to 400,000 people living in the country at the time.
Rafael Trujillo	7004500000000000000♠50,000	7004500000000000000♠50,000	7004500000000000000♠50,000	Dominican Republic	1930	1938	8 years
François Duvalier	7004300000000000000♠30,000	7004600000000000000♠60,000	7004424260000000000♠42,426	Haiti	1957	1971	14 years	Duvalier's rule based on a purged military, a rural militia known as the Tonton Macoute, and the use of cult of personality, resulted in the murder of 30,000 to 60,000 Haitians, and the exile of many more.
Hissène Habré	7004400000000000000♠40,000	7004400000000000000♠40,000	7004400000000000000♠40,000	Chad	1982	1990	8 years	In May 2016, Hissène Habré was found guilty of human-rights abuses, including rape, sexual slavery, and ordering the killing of 40,000 people. He was sentenced to life in prison. He is the first former head of state to be convicted for human rights abuses in the court of another nation.
Communist rule in Cuba, various leaders	7003924000000000000♠9,240	7004924000000000000♠92,400	7004292190000000000♠29,219	Cuba	1976	present	42 years	Human rights in Cuba are under the scrutiny of Human Rights Watch, which accuses the Cuban government of systematic human rights abuses. This includes offenses such as arbitrary imprisonment, unfair trials, and extrajudicial execution. See also: Human rights in Cuba
Ruhollah Khomeini and Ali Khemenei	7004104820000000000♠10,482	7004480000000000000♠48,000	7004224310000000000♠22,431	Iran	1979	present	39 years	4,482 to 30,000 in P.O.C. massacre 6,000 to 18,000 child soldiers killed (refer to earlier tables on page)
Communist rule in Poland, various leaders	7004220000000000000♠22,000	7004220000000000000♠22,000	7004220000000000000♠22,000	Communist Poland	1945	1989	44 years	See also: Communist Repression in Poland
Tomás de Torquemada	7003200000000000000♠2,000	7005124621000000000♠124,621	7004157870000000000♠15,787	Spanish Empire	1480	1498	18 years	Minimum death toll only includes lowest estimate of those burned at the stake, whereas the maximum death toll also includes those who died from hunger and torture.
Various leaders	7003700000000000000♠7,000	7004270000000000000♠27,000	7004137480000000000♠13,748	Hungary	1948	1956	8 years	Minimum death toll does not take into account those out of the 150,000 who perished in concentration camps, and only counts the 5,000 alleged spies and 2,000 party members executed, noting that 5,000 spies came from only 98,000 out of 700,000 alleged spies. See also: Communist Repression in Hungary
Enver Hoxha	7003500000000000000♠5,000	7004280000000000000♠28,000	7004118320000000000♠11,832	Albania	1941	1985	44 years
South African Apartheid, various leaders	7004189970000000000♠18,997	7004210000000000000♠21,000	7004199990000000000♠19,999	South Africa and Namibia	1948	1994	46 years	Maximum death toll does not include deaths from the South African Border War.
Ferdinand Marcos	7003325700000000000♠3,257	7004800000000000000♠80,000	7004161420000000000♠16,142	Philippines	1965	1986	21 years	The conservative estimate is recorded from 1975 to 1985, while the maximum estimate is recorded from 1965 to 1976. Also Includes those from the Moro conflict.
Tiberius	7003950000000000000♠9,500	7003950000000000000♠9,500	7003950000000000000♠9,500	Ancient Rome	14	37	23 years
Caligula	7003900000000000000♠9,000	7003900000000000000♠9,000	7003900000000000000♠9,000	Ancient Rome	37	41	4 years
Johnny Paul Koroma	7003600000000000000♠6,000	7003600000000000000♠6,000	7003600000000000000♠6,000	Sierra Leone	1997	1998	1 year
Nero	7003575000000000000♠5,750	7003575000000000000♠5,750	7003575000000000000♠5,750	Ancient Rome	54	68	14 years
Jean-Bedel Bokassa	7002100000000000000♠100	7004900000000000000♠90,000	7003300000000000000♠3,000	Central African Republic	1966	1976	10 years	It was found that Bokassa personally oversaw the massacre of 100 school children.
Claudius	7003293500000000000♠2,935	7003293500000000000♠2,935	7003293500000000000♠2,935	Ancient Rome	41	54	13 years
Communist rule in East Germany, various leaders	7002327000000000000♠327	7003150000000000000♠1,500	7002929000000000000♠929	East Germany	1949	1989	40 years	See also: Berlin Wall deaths

See also

Other lists organized by death toll

• List of accidents and disasters by death toll
• List of battles and other violent events by death toll
• List of events named massacres
• List of genocides by death toll
• List of murderers by number of victims
• List of natural disasters by death toll
• List of nuclear and radiation accidents by death toll
• List of ongoing conflicts
• List of school shootings in the United States
• List of disasters in Antarctica by death toll
• List of disasters in Australia by death toll
• List of disasters in Canada by death toll
• List of disasters in Croatia by death toll
• List of disasters in Great Britain and Ireland by death toll
• List of disasters in New Zealand by death toll
• List of disasters in Poland by death toll
• List of disasters in the United States by death toll
• List of wars by death toll

Other lists with similar topics

• List of unusual deaths
• List of accidents and incidents involving commercial aircraft
• List of battles
• Lists of disasters
• Lists of earthquakes
• List of famines
• List of historic fires
• List of invasions
• List of massacres
• List of notable tropical cyclones
• List of riots
• List of terrorist incidents
• List of wars
• Lists of rail accidents

Topics dealing with similar themes

• Anti-communist mass killings
• Casualties of the Iraq War
• Decommunization
• Democide
• Famine
• Genocide
• Genocide in history
• Infectious disease
• Mass killings under Communist regimes
• Mass murder
• Most lethal battles in world history
• United States casualties of war

References

Template:Reflist

External links

Template:Commons category

• Soviet Prisoners of War: Forgotten Nazi Victims of World War II
• Top 100 aviation disasters on AirDisaster.com

Template:Massacres