# 量子ゆらぎ

これにより仮想粒子の粒子-反粒子対が生成する。 これらの粒子の効果は測定可能であり、例えば電子の有効電荷は「裸の」電荷とは異なっている。

${\displaystyle \Delta E\Delta t\geq {h \over 4\pi }}$

## 参考文献

1. ^ Browne, Malcolm W. (1990年8月21日). “New Direction in Physics: Back in Time”. The New York Times 2010年5月22日閲覧. "According to quantum theory, the vacuum contains neither matter nor energy, but it does contain fluctuations, transitions between something and nothing in which potential existence can be transformed into real existence by the addition of energy.(Energy and matter are equivalent, since all matter ultimately consists of packets of energy.) Thus, the vacuum's totally empty space is actually a seething turmoil of creation and annihilation, which to the ordinary world appears calm because the scale of fluctuations in the vacuum is tiny and the fluctuations tend to cancel each other out."
2. ^ Mandelshtam, Leonid; Tamm, Igor (1945), “The uncertainty relation between energy and time in nonrelativistic quantum mechanics”, Izv. Akad. Nauk SSSR (ser. Fiz.) 9: 122–128 . English translation: J. Phys. (USSR) 9, 249–254 (1945).

## 外部リンク

• Quantum Fluctuation at universe-review.ca